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Evaluation of Nitrogen-Loss Prevention Amendments in Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

S. Rajkovich,D. Osmond,R. Weisz,C. Crozier,D. Israel,R. Austin

Published 2017 in Agronomy Journal

ABSTRACT

1811 Variability in crop N requirements across states, regions, seasons, crops, and even fields complicates the selection of an appropriate N rate, and has led to concerns of the environmental impacts that may result from over-application. Nitrogen from agricultural sources can be lost through volatilization or denitrification, but nitrate (NO3) leaching constitutes the largest percent of loss and can consequently contaminate ground and surface water (David et al., 1997; Jaynes et al., 2001; Randall and Goss, 2001). Aside from the well documented negative health effects of NO3 in drinking water (Spalding and Exner, 1993; Sogbedji et al., 2001), excess NO3 can also cause eutrophication and hypoxia of lakes and coastal waters (Spalding and Exner, 1993; Randall and Goss, 2001), a consequence that can be devastating to ecosystem biodiversity (Kronvang et al., 2001). Minimizing N rates can lower leaching losses and protect water quality while maintaining crop yields, but identifying appropriate N rates can be a challenge. In North Carolina, the realistic yield expectations (RYE) database provides recommended N rates for 32 different crops by soil series (North Carolina Nutrient Management Workgroup, 2003). The database was developed and validated through N rate trials across the state. More recently maize N recommendations were updated to reflect changes in N use efficiency related to new hybrid releases and farmer management practices (Rajkovich et al., 2015). Nationally, the “4Rs” (right rate, right placement, right timing, and right source) have been promoted by private and public organizations (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2005; The Fertilizer Institute, 2011; International Plant Nutrition Institute, 2012) as a platform for farmers to think about their N applications in a logical, interconnected way. Beyond typical soil-based N rate recommendations, farmers also have access to fertilizer N-loss prevention amendments intended to reduce the amount of N lost; essentially to bolster the “right source” aspect of an N management plan. These N-loss prevention amendments, which can be added to N fertilizers, have various modes of action and reported levels of effectiveness in the literature. The N-loss prevention amendment NBPT+DCD (AgrotainPlus; Koch Agronomic Services LLC, Wichita, KS), contains the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT at 30–70 g kg–1 a.i.) and the Evaluation of Nitrogen-Loss Prevention Amendments in Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

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