The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-α in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome

A main symptom of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in ponies is pathological obesity characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat deposits and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation with serum concentrations in peripheral blood of Welsh ponies. Based on clinical examination findings, the animals were divided into two groups: ponies affected with EMS (n = 8) and obese ponies (n = 8). The adipose tissue was examined using immunohistochemical analysis while concentrations IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Additionally, histological characterization of the adipose tissue was performed. The results obtained showed that IL-6 expression in adipose tissue biopsies derived from animals with EMS was enhanced while TNF-α levels of both groups were comparable. Compared to the obese ponies, EMS animals also had significantly elevated levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in adipose tissue preparations from the EMS group. These data suggest that IL-6 may play a key role in the course of EMS in Welsh ponies. Our findings also demonstrated that analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in serum may serve as an additional tool for diagnosing EMS.

• Publication year

  2015

• Venue

  Journal of Veterinary Sciences

• Publication date

  2015-03-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113PMID 25269712PMCID 4367141
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Influence of Functional Nutrients on Insulin Resistance in Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

  2014cited by this paper
• An investigation of the elemental composition of horse hair affected by equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) using SEM EDX and ICP-OES.

  2013cited by this paper
• A Potential Role for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Insulin Resistance in Horses

  2012cited by this paper
• Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease

  2011cited by this paper
• Leptin Activates Human B Cells to Secrete TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 via JAK2/STAT3 and p38MAPK/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

  2011cited by this paper
• Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on inflammatory proteins in horses.

  2011cited by this paper
• The Many Faces of Interleukin-6: The Role of IL-6 in Inflammation, Vasculopathy, and Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis

  2011cited by this paper
• Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares.

  2010cited by this paper
• Equine metabolic syndrome.

  2010cited by this paper
• Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.

  2010cited by this paper
• Medical Implications of Obesity in Horses—Lessons for Human Obesity

  2009cited by this paper
• Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.

  2009cited by this paper
• Equine metabolic syndrome.

  2009influential reference
• Inflammatory and redox status of ponies with a history of pasture-associated laminitis.

  2009cited by this paper
• Adipokines and Insulin Resistance

  2008cited by this paper
• Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland

  2008cited by this paper
• Insulin resistance associated to obesity: the link TNF-alpha

  2008cited by this paper
• Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases.

  2008cited by this paper
• Leptin signaling and obesity: cardiovascular consequences.

  2007cited by this paper
• The role of TNF- a in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk

  2007cited by this paper
• Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.

  2007cited by this paper
• Plasma leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations in young fit racehorses versus mature unfit standardbreds.

  2007cited by this paper
• The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk.

  2007cited by this paper
• Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism.

  2006cited by this paper
• Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation

  2006cited by this paper
• Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine

  2006cited by this paper
• Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.

  2004cited by this paper
• The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity.

  2004cited by this paper
• Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.

  2003cited by this paper
• Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease

  2003cited by this paper
• The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.

  2002cited by this paper
• Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance.

  2001cited by this paper
• Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are essentially dependent on visceral fat amount in type 2 diabetic patients.

  2000cited by this paper
• PLASMA LEVELS OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-α) ARE ESSENTIALLY DEPENDENT ON VISCERAL FAT AMOUNT IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

  2000cited by this paper
• Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression

  1998cited by this paper
• Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses.

  1998cited by this paper
• Tumor Necrosis Factor α: A Key Component of the Obesity-Diabetes Link

  1994cited by this paper
• Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.

  1983cited by this paper
• J O U R N a L O F Veterinary Science Case Report an Atypical Case of Respiratory Actinobacillosis in a Cow

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Selected cytokine and chemokine concentrations in equine autologous conditioned serum are similar under defined and practically relevant storage conditions

  2025cites this paper
• The Effect of Season and Breed on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Hormones, Metabolic Hormones, and Oxidative Markers in Ponies and Horses

  2025cites this paper
• Adipose Tissue Macrophages.

  2024cites this paper
• Interleukin-6: An Under-Appreciated Inducer of Thermogenic Adipocyte Differentiation

  2024cites this paper
• Arthrospira platensis enriched with Cr(III), Mg(II), and Mn(II) ions improves insulin sensitivity and reduces systemic inflammation in equine metabolic affected horses.

  2024cites this paper
• Sex hormone-binding globulin improves lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of metabolic syndrome-affected horses

  2023cites this paper
• Bringing equine adipose tissue into focus

  2023cites this paper
• Obesity Affects the Proliferative Potential of Equine Endometrial Progenitor Cells and Modulates Their Molecular Phenotype Associated with Mitochondrial Metabolism

  2022cites this paper
• Thromboelastography in obese horses with insulin dysregulation compared to healthy controls

  2022cites this paper
• Fecal extract from obese horses induces an inflammatory response by murine macrophages in vitro.

  2022cites this paper
• Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis

  2022cites this paper
• A one-health approach to identifying and mitigating the impact of endocrine disorders on human and equine athletes.

  2022cites this paper
• doi: 10.31210/visnyk2022.01.25 EQUINE

  2022cites this paper
• MSI-1436 improves EMS adipose derived progenitor stem cells in the course of adipogenic differentiation through modulation of ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress

  2021cites this paper
• Obesity affects mitochondrial metabolism and proliferative potential of equine endometrial progenitor cells

  2021cites this paper
• Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase improves mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, reduces oxidative stress, and enhances adipogenic differentiation potential in metabolically impaired progenitor stem cells

  2021influential citation
• Morphometric, metabolic, and inflammatory markers across a cohort of client-owned horses and ponies on the insulin dysregulation spectrum.

  2021cites this paper
• Assessment of the impact of age and of blood-derived inflammatory markers in horses with colitis.

  2021cites this paper
• New mAbs facilitate quantification of secreted equine TNF-α and flow cytometric analysis in monocytes and T cells.

  2021cites this paper
• Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses

  2021cites this paper
• The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge

  2020cites this paper
• Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammation and acute-phase markers in horses.

  2020cites this paper
• Macroscopic and Histological Morphology of the Equine Digital Cushion and Its Association with Subcutaneous Fat Thickness.

  2020cites this paper
• M2 Macrophages in the Metabolic Organs and in the Neuroendocrine System

  2020cites this paper
• Therapeutic effectiveness of a single exercise session combined with WalkAide functional electrical stimulation in post-stroke patients: a crossover design study

  2020cites this paper
• Extracellular Microvesicles (MV’s) Isolated from 5-Azacytidine-and-Resveratrol-Treated Cells Improve Viability and Ameliorate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Syndrome Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

  2020cites this paper
• Effect of body condition on intestinal permeability in horses.

  2019cites this paper
• Visceral white adipose tissue and serum proteomic alternations in metabolically healthy obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery

  2019cites this paper
• Cladophora glomerata methanolic extract decreases oxidative stress and improves viability and mitochondrial potential in equine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs).

  2019cites this paper
• Metformin Increases Proliferative Activity and Viability of Multipotent Stromal Stem Cells Isolated from Adipose Tissue Derived from Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

  2019cites this paper
• ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome

  2019cites this paper
• Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese horses with equine metabolic syndrome

  2019cites this paper
• The Combined Extract of Black Sticky Rice and Dill Improves Poststroke Cognitive Impairment in Metabolic Syndrome Condition

  2019cites this paper
• Biomass Enriched with Minerals via Biosorption Process as a Potential Ingredient of Horse Feed

  2019cites this paper
• The Haematococcus pluvialis extract enriched by bioaccumulation process with Mg(II) ions improves insulin resistance in equine adipose-derived stromal cells (EqASCs).

  2019cites this paper
• 5-Azacytidine and Resveratrol Enhance Chondrogenic Differentiation of Metabolic Syndrome-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Modulating Autophagy

  2019cites this paper
• From Table to Stable: A Comparative Review of Selected Aspects of Human and Equine Metabolic Syndrome.

  2019cites this paper
• Comparison of the clinical and radiographic appearance of the cervical vertebrae with histological and anatomical findings in an eight-month old warmblood stallion suffering from cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM)

  2019cites this paper
• Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder

  2019cites this paper
• Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Microalgae Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Parameters in Horses With Equine Metabolic Syndrome.

  2019cites this paper
• Bioactive Algae and Cell Therapies – An Irreversible Perspective in Clinical Nutrition of Horses with Endocrine Disorders

  2019cites this paper
• Advanced nutritional and stem cells approaches to prevent equine metabolic syndrome.

  2018cites this paper
• Seasonal and Dietary Influences on Adipose Tissue and Systemic Gene Expression in Control and Previously Laminitic Ponies

  2018cites this paper
• The Effect of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Course of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Therapy

  2018cites this paper
• Immunomodulatory Properties of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Treated with 5-Azacytydine and Resveratrol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Macrophages in Metabolic Syndrome Animals

  2018cites this paper
• Characterization of Apoptosis, Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Islets Cells and Intestinal Epithelial Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses

  2018cites this paper
• Combination of resveratrol and 5‐azacytydine improves osteogenesis of metabolic syndrome mesenchymal stem cells

  2018cites this paper
• Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Mitophagy during Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses

  2018influential citation
• The Effect of Methyl-β-cyclodextrin on Apoptosis, Proliferative Activity, and Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of Horses Suffering from Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

  2018cites this paper
• Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses

  2018cites this paper
• Biomass Enriched with Minerals via Biosorption Process as a Potential Ingredient of Horse Feed

  2018cites this paper
• Metformin increases proliferative activity and 2 viability of multipotent stromal stem cells isolated 3 from adipose tissue derived from horses with equine 4 metabolic syndrome . 5 6

  2018cites this paper
• Neonatal overfeeding impairs differentiation potential of mice subcutaneous adipose mesenchymal stem cells

  2018cites this paper
• The Cladophora glomerata Enriched by Biosorption Process in Cr(III) Improves Viability, and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Derived Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) and Their Extracellular Vesicles (MV’s)

  2017cites this paper
• Markers for Predicting Overweight or Obesity of Broodmares

  2017cites this paper
• Spirulina platensis Improves Mitochondrial Function Impaired by Elevated Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (ASCs) and Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs), and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses

  2017cites this paper
• Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze protects estrogen-deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines

  2017cites this paper
• Identifying breed differences in insulin dynamics, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histology and gene expression

  2016cites this paper
• Traditional medicine, Sobokchukeo-Tang, modulates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages

  2016cites this paper
• Macroautophagy and Selective Mitophagy Ameliorate Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential in Adipose Stem Cells of Equine Metabolic Syndrome: New Findings in the Field of Progenitor Cells Differentiation

  2016cites this paper
• Equine metabolic syndrome impairs adipose stem cells osteogenic differentiation by predominance of autophagy over selective mitophagy

  2016cites this paper
• Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Salix Koreensis Andersson in DC. leaf methanol extract in vitro models

  2016cites this paper
• Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affects Viability, Senescence, and Stress Factors of Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells: New Insight into EqASCs Isolated from EMS Horses in the Context of Their Aging

  2015cites this paper
• Equine metabolic syndrome

  2015cites this paper
• Adipose tissue macrophages in non-rodent mammals: a comparative study

  2015cites this paper
• In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Metformin on Osteopontin Expression in Mice Adipose-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells and Adipose Tissue

  2015cites this paper
• Currents in One Health

  year unknowncites this paper