Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

Lead and zinc are used extensively in the construction and automotive industries, and require sustainable supply. In order to understand the future availability of lead and zinc, we have projected global supplies on a country-by-country basis from a detailed global assessment of mineral resources for 2013. The model GeRS-DeMo was used to create projections of lead and zinc production from ores, as well as recycling for lead. Our modelling suggests that lead and zinc production from known resources is set to peak within 15 years (lead 2025, zinc 2031). For lead, the total supply declines relatively slowly post peak due to recycling. If additional resources are found, these peaks would shift further into the future. These results suggest that lead and zinc consumers will need to plan for the future, potentially by: seeking alternative supplies (e.g., mine tailings, smelter/refinery slags); obtaining additional value from critical metals contained in lead-zinc ore deposits to counter lower grade ores; identifying potential substitutes; redesigning their products; or by contributing to the development of recycling industries.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  Resources

• Publication date

  2018-02-28

• Fields of study

  Economics, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/RESOURCES7010017
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Global EV Outlook 2019

  2019cited by this paper
• Assessing maximum production peak and resource availability of non-fuel mineral resources: Analyzing the influence of extractable global resources

  2017influential reference
• Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance

  2017cited by this paper
• The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities

  2017influential reference
• China's post-coal growth

  2016cited by this paper
• Mineral Resources: Reserves, Peak Production and the Future

  2016cited by this paper
• Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family

  2015cited by this paper
• Projection of world fossil fuels by country

  2015cited by this paper
• Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

  2014influential reference
• Biomining-biotechnologies for extracting and recovering metals from ores and waste materials.

  2014cited by this paper
• Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining

  2014cited by this paper
• Projections of Future Phosphorus Production

  2013cited by this paper
• Lithium Resources and Production: Critical Assessment and Global Projections

  2012influential reference
• Long term forecasting of natural gas production

  2011cited by this paper
• The Environmental sustainability of mining in Australia: key mega-trends and looming constraints

  2010cited by this paper
• Projection of world fossil fuel production with supply and demand interactions

  2010influential reference
• Quantification of global gross forest cover loss

  2010cited by this paper
• Peak Minerals in Australia: a review of changing impacts and benefits

  2010cited by this paper
• Mineral Futures Discussion Paper: Sustainability Issues, Challenges and Opportunities

  2009cited by this paper
• In place leaching of oxidized gold deposits . A new method for recovering stranded gold resources ?

  2009cited by this paper
• In-use stocks of metals: status and implications.

  2008cited by this paper
• Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: a review.

  2008cited by this paper
• Assessing the long-run availability of copper

  2007cited by this paper
• Biologically produced sulphide for purification of process streams, effluent treatment and recovery of metals in the metal and mining industry

  2006cited by this paper
• Copper mines above and below the ground.

  2006cited by this paper
• Metal stocks and sustainability

  2006cited by this paper
• The dynamics of collapse in world fisheries

  2005cited by this paper
• The environmental and economic consequences of the developments of lead stocks in the Dutch economic system

  2004cited by this paper
• World's oil production peak reckoned in near future

  2002cited by this paper
• The innovator's dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail: by Clayton M. Christensen. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997. 256 + xxiv pages. $27.50

  1998cited by this paper

• Technology flexibility and sobriety to address shortage of energy-transition metals

  2026cites this paper
• Lowering melting temperatures of high zinc slag derived from co-smelting of primary ores and secondary resources: Regulation method and mechanisms

  2026cites this paper
• Effect of heat treatment on the intermetallic phase transformation and corrosion performance of Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated steel sheets in chloride-containing environments

  2025cites this paper
• A comprehensive review on Electro Chemical Energy storage systems for Electric Vehicle application

  2025cites this paper
• Cleaner zinc extraction from high silica-calcium oxygen-sulfur mixed lead-zinc concentrates with calcium and sulfur conservation

  2025cites this paper
• On the impact of nuclear fusion power plants deployment on selected critical materials consumption

  2025cites this paper
• Pollution levels and probability risk assessment of potential toxic elements in soil of Pb–Zn smelting areas

  2024cites this paper
• Enhancing Sulfidization and Flotation of Smithsonite Using Eco-Friendly Triethanolamine: Insights from Experimental and Simulation Studies

  2024cites this paper
• Effects of technical advance on cobalt supply and its supply trends: A perspective of the whole industrial chains

  2024cites this paper
• Mathematical Approach to Solving the Problem of Waste-Free Processing of Metallurgical Wastes

  2024cites this paper
• Smelting a Zn – Pb Sulfide Ore with Magnetite and Carbon for the Production of a Silicon Alloy and Extraction of Zinc and Lead into Sublimates

  2024cites this paper
• Global gateways as telecoupled human and natural systems: The emerging case of the Bering Strait

  2023cites this paper
• Lake Sediment Archive Reveals a Distinct Response to Anthropogenic Pb and Zn Deposition with Historical Periods: Pb-Zn Isotope Evidence.

  2023cites this paper
• Lead-containing slags: recycling methods and environmental impact

  2023cites this paper
• Wing morphological changes of Drosophila melanogaster exposed with lead in nine generations

  2023cites this paper
• What is the optimal cutoff surface for ore bodies with more than one mineral?

  2022cites this paper
• Synthesis of selective heteroatomic collectors for the improved separation of sulfide minerals

  2022cites this paper
• Sustainable Management Strategy for Solidification/Stabilization of Zinc Plant Residues (ZPR) by Fly Ash/Clay-Based Geopolymers

  2022cites this paper
• Fracture network characterization applied to mineralization in Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria

  2022cites this paper
• Major metals demand, supply, and environmental impacts to 2100: A critical review

  2021cites this paper
• Projecting the global impact of fossil fuel production from the Former Soviet Union

  2021cites this paper
• Mining energy consumption as a function of ore grade decline: the case of lead and zinc

  2021cites this paper
• Testing of 17-different leaching agents for the recovery of zinc from a carbonate-type Pb-Zn ore flotation tailing

  2021cites this paper
• Sustainable energy transitions require enhanced resource governance

  2021cites this paper
• Agent-Based Modeling for By-Product Metal Supply—A Case Study on Indium

  2021cites this paper
• Elemental and mineralogical constraints on environmental contamination from slag at Gulf Creek copper mine

  2020cites this paper
• Printed and hybrid integrated electronics using bio-based and recycled materials—increasing sustainability with greener materials and technologies

  2020cites this paper
• Recovery of Lead and Zinc from Zinc Plant Leach Residues by Concurrent Dissolution-Cementation Using Zero-Valent Aluminum in Chloride Medium

  2020cites this paper
• Erratum: Mohr et al. Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources. Resources, 2018, 7, 17

  2020cites this paper
• Massive sulfide Zn deposits in the Proterozoic did not require euxinia

  2020cites this paper
• Resistivity and induced polarize (IP) approach for polymetallic vein distributions of Bukit Pondok mineralization (Ex-VOC mining in 1902), Tana Tidung, East Kalimantan

  2019cites this paper
• Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles.

  2019cites this paper
• Assessment of Leaching Characteristics of Solidified Products Containing Secondary Alkaline Lead Slag

  2019cites this paper
• Renewable energy use and the renewable energy sector’s development: public finance, environmental externalities and sustainability

  2019cites this paper
• Causality between metal prices: Is joint consumption a more important determinant than joint production of main and by-product metals?

  2019cites this paper
• The challenges of a Li-ion starter lighting and ignition battery: A review from cradle to grave

  2019cites this paper
• Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries

  2019cites this paper
• Human Population Increase and Changes in Production and Usage of Trace Elements in the Twentieth Century and First Decades of the Twenty-First Century

  2019cites this paper