A unified theory for the energy cost of legged locomotion

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  2016

• Venue

  Biology Letters

• Publication date

  2016-02-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0935PMID 26911339PMCID PMC4780550
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Children and adults minimise activated muscle volume by selecting gait parameters that balance gross mechanical power and work demands

  2015cited by this paper
• Scaling of wingbeat frequency with body mass in bats and limits to maximum bat size

  2012cited by this paper
• Biomechanics of Running Indicates Endothermy in Bipedal Dinosaurs

  2009influential reference
• The Energetic Cost of Climbing in Primates

  2008cited by this paper
• Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals

  2007cited by this paper
• Posture, gait and the ecological relevance of locomotor costs and energy-saving mechanisms in tetrapods.

  2007cited by this paper
• Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion

  2005influential reference
• 3D-kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids.

  2005cited by this paper
• Comparative trends in shortening velocity and force production in skeletal muscles.

  2002cited by this paper
• Contraction duration affects metabolic energy cost and fatigue in skeletal muscle.

  1998cited by this paper
• Optimum Muscle Design for Oscillatory Movements.

  1997cited by this paper
• External, internal and total work in human locomotion.

  1995influential reference
• Mechanics of a rapid running insect: two-, four- and six-legged locomotion.

  1991cited by this paper
• Energetics of running: a new perspective

  1990influential reference
• Energetics of ascent: insects on inclines.

  1990influential reference
• Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics.

  1989cited by this paper
• Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

  1988cited by this paper
• Energy cost and fatigue during intermittent electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscle.

  1988cited by this paper
• Energetic aspects of muscle contraction.

  1985cited by this paper
• Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals.

  1982cited by this paper
• Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals.

  1982cited by this paper
• Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion.

  1982cited by this paper
• Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses

  1981cited by this paper
• Skeletal muscle energetics and metabolism.

  1978cited by this paper

• Integrating direct anthropogenic disturbances and habitat connectivity to guide the restoration of the Amur tiger population in a newly established national park in China

  2025cites this paper
• Energy landscapes direct the movement preferences of elephants

  2025influential citation
• Integrating muscle energetics into biomechanical models to understand variance in the cost of movement.

  2025cites this paper
• The energetics of movement, from exercise to ecology and evolution.

  2025cites this paper
• Parental care liberates juvenile growth: a common-garden test of the evolutionary benefits of care.

  2025cites this paper
• Toward More Autonomous Soft Robots: Development and Characterization of a 3D‐Printed Pneumatic Contact Sensor for a Six‐Legged Soft Robotic Walker

  2025cites this paper
• Wolverines use spatial memory to plan efficient routes through rugged terrain

  2025cites this paper
• Energetics‐based connectivity mapping reveals new conservation opportunities for the endangered tiger in Nepal

  2024cites this paper
• Center of mass mechanics during locomotion in the arboreal squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) as a function of speed and substrate.

  2024cites this paper
• Counting the costs of expensive tissues: mating system, brain size, and IGF-1 affect the ecological costs of transport in mammals

  2024cites this paper
• Electrohydraulic musculoskeletal robotic leg for agile, adaptive, yet energy-efficient locomotion

  2024cites this paper
• Relationship between metabolic cost, muscle moments and co-contraction during walking and running.

  2024cites this paper
• Energy‐based corridor identification for mammals between protected areas in Iran

  2024cites this paper
• Emergence of multiple foraging strategies under competition

  2024influential citation
• The work to swing limbs in humans versus chimpanzees and its relation to the metabolic cost of walking

  2024cites this paper
• The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in primates and other endotherms.

  2023cites this paper
• Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates

  2023cites this paper
• The provisioned primate: patterns of obesity across lemurs, monkeys, apes and humans

  2023cites this paper
• Efficient Functions for Energetic Least-Cost Analysis over Land and Water in the lbmech package for R

  2023cites this paper
• The travel speeds of large animals are limited by their heat-dissipation capacities

  2023cites this paper
• Morphological shifts in response to spatial sorting on dispersal behaviour in red flour beetles across multiple generations

  2023cites this paper
• Linking muscle mechanics to the metabolic cost of human hopping

  2023cites this paper
• Conflict of energies: spatially modeling mule deer caloric expenditure in response to oil and gas development

  2022cites this paper
• Shorter Muscle Fascicle Operating Lengths Increase the Metabolic Cost of Cyclic Force Production.

  2022cites this paper
• Stride frequency or length? A phylogenetic approach to understand how animals regulate locomotor speed.

  2022cites this paper
• 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the distal radius insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments indicates a relationship between wrist anatomy and unique locomotor behavior in hylobatids.

  2022cites this paper
• Balancing growth, reproduction, maintenance, and activity in evolved energy economies.

  2022cites this paper
• Exercise is essential for health but a poor tool for weight loss: a reply to Allison and colleagues

  2022cites this paper
• Heat dissipation drives the hump-shaped scaling of animal dispersal speed with body mass

  2022cites this paper
• Insect-Inspired Robots: Bridging Biological and Artificial Systems

  2021cites this paper
• Relatively Shorter Muscle Lengths Increase the Metabolic Rate of Cyclic Force Production

  2021cites this paper
• Positive allometry of sexually selected traits: Do metabolic maintenance costs play an important role?

  2021cites this paper
• Determinants of climbing energetic costs in humans.

  2021cites this paper
• The r package enerscape: A general energy landscape framework for terrestrial movement ecology

  2021influential citation
• The interplay between habitat use, morphology and locomotion in subterranean crustaceans of the genus Niphargus.

  2020cites this paper
• Differences in muscle mechanics underlie divergent optimality criteria between feeding and locomotor systems

  2020cites this paper
• Cyclically producing the same average muscle-tendon force with a smaller duty increases metabolic rate

  2020influential citation
• Ultrasound imaging links soleus muscle neuromechanics and energetics during human walking with elastic ankle exoskeletons

  2020cites this paper
• Terrestrial locomotion energy costs vary considerably between species: no evidence that this is explained by rate of leg force production or ecology

  2019cites this paper
• Variation in limb loading magnitude and timing in tetrapods

  2019cites this paper
• Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems

  2019cites this paper
• Scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait

  2018cites this paper
• Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances

  2018cites this paper
• What determines the metabolic cost of human running across a wide range of velocities?

  2018influential citation
• A different angle: comparative analyses of whole-animal transport costs when running uphill

  2017cites this paper
• Selecting for invasive tendencies: the evolution of morphological, physiological, and movement behaviour traits associated with dispersal

  2017cites this paper
• Minimization of muscle activation costs demanded from mechanical work and power accounts for selection of duty factor in human gaits

  2017cites this paper
• Energetic cost of walking in fossil hominins.

  2017cites this paper
• Body size and lower limb posture during walking in humans

  2017cites this paper
• Comparative locomotor costs of domestic dogs reveal energetic economy of wolf-like breeds

  2017cites this paper
• Gait changes in a line of mice artificially selected for longer limbs

  2017cites this paper
• The evolution of vertical climbing in primates: evidence from reaction forces

  2017cites this paper
• Measuring the Energy of Ventilation and Circulation during Human Walking using Induced Hypoxia

  2017cites this paper
• The crown joules: energetics, ecology, and evolution in humans and other primates

  2017cites this paper
• An anatomical and mechanical analysis of the douc monkey (genus Pygathrix), and its role in understanding the evolution of brachiation.

  2017cites this paper
• Economy and Endurance in Human Evolution.

  2017cites this paper
• Instantaneous Metabolic Cost of Walking: Joint-Space Dynamic Model with Subject-Specific Heat Rate

  2016cites this paper
• Physiological, aerodynamic and geometric constraints of flapping account for bird gaits, and bounding and flap-gliding flight strategies

  2016cites this paper
• Phylogenetic comparisons of pedestrian locomotion costs: confirmations and new insights

  2016influential citation
• Bridging Motor Control and Biomechanics the Muscle–mechanical Compromise Framework: Implications for the Scaling of Gait and Posture the Premise behind the Muscle– Mechanical Compromise Framework

  year unknowncites this paper