Skeletal Bone Structure and Repair in Small Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles.

Bone strength depends on its structure, its composition, and the forces it is subjected to. Bone structure varies greatly between species and these differences may have clinical implications in their assessment or treatment. Fractures occur when the magnitude of the sum of forces affecting it exceeds its ultimate strength. The aim of bone healing is to recover the normal structure of the bone to maintain its normal function, but the mechanisms of bone healing differ greatly among species. This article provides a basic reference for the bone structure of small mammals, birds, and reptiles.

• Publication year

  2019

• Venue

  Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice

• Publication date

  2019-05-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.01.002PMID 30872000
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Bone

  2019cited by this paper
• Torsional and axial compressive properties of tibiotarsal bones of red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).

  2018cited by this paper
• Extreme lightweight structures: avian feathers and bones

  2017cited by this paper
• Secondary osteons scale allometrically in mammalian humerus and femur

  2017cited by this paper
• Proliferating Cells in Knee Epiphyses of Lizards Allow for Somatic Growth and Regeneration after Damage

  2017cited by this paper
• Lizard tail regeneration as an instructive model of enhanced healing capabilities in an adult amniote

  2017cited by this paper
• The Physiology of Bone Pain. How Much Do We Really Know?

  2016cited by this paper
• Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues

  2015cited by this paper
• Osteological and Soft-Tissue Evidence for Pneumatization in the Cervical Column of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and Observations on the Vertebral Columns of Non-Volant, Semi-Volant and Semi-Aquatic Birds

  2015cited by this paper
• Postcranial Pneumaticity and Bone Structure in Two Clades of Neognath Birds

  2013cited by this paper
• Bone histology of aquatic reptiles: what does it tell us about secondary adaptation to an aquatic life?

  2013cited by this paper
• Bone Laminarity in the Avian Forelimb Skeleton and Its Relationship to Flight Mode: Testing Functional Interpretations

  2012cited by this paper
• A review of innate immune functions in crocodilians.

  2012cited by this paper
• Comparative bone anatomy of commonly used laboratory animals: implications for drug discovery.

  2011cited by this paper
• The biology of fracture healing.

  2011cited by this paper
• What Is your Diagnosis?

  2011cited by this paper
• Bone microanatomy and lifestyle: A descriptive approach

  2011cited by this paper
• Rabbit cortical bone tissue increases its elastic stiffness but becomes less viscoelastic with age.

  2010cited by this paper
• The influence of severe prolonged exercise restriction on the mechanical and structural properties of bone in an avian model.

  2010cited by this paper
• Bone density and the lightweight skeletons of birds

  2010cited by this paper
• Quantitative composition of vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins and their effects on viability of embryos and larvae of common dentex (Dentex dentex), a marine pelagophil teleost.

  2009cited by this paper
• The effects of ovariectomy on bone mineral density, geometrical, and biomechanical characteristics in the rabbit femur

  2009cited by this paper
• What's your diagnosis?

  2008cited by this paper
• Bone vascular supply in monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae): Influence of size, growth, and phylogeny

  2008cited by this paper
• Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference

  2008cited by this paper
• Histological study of compact bone tissue in some mammals: a method for species determination

  2007cited by this paper
• Overview of Reptile Biology, anatomy, and Histology

  2007cited by this paper
• Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review.

  2007cited by this paper
• Differences Among Species in Compact Bone Tissue Microstructure of Mammalian Skeleton: Use of a Discriminant Function Analysis for Species Identification

  2006cited by this paper
• Chapter 34 – Overview of Biopsy and Necropsy Techniques

  2006cited by this paper
• Variation of the Outer Circumferential Layer in the Limb Bones of Birds

  2004cited by this paper
• Torsional resistance as a principal component of the structural design of long bones: comparative multivariate evidence in birds.

  2004cited by this paper
• Cortical bone mass, composition, and mechanical properties in female rats in relation to age, long-term ovariectomy, and estrogen substitution

  2004cited by this paper
• Biomechanical considerations of animal models used in tissue engineering of bone.

  2004cited by this paper
• Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs

  2002cited by this paper
• Basic mammalian bone anatomy and healing.

  2002cited by this paper
• Differences in osteon banding between human and nonhuman bone.

  2001cited by this paper
• Incidence and mechanical significance of pneumatization in the long bones of birds

  2000cited by this paper
• Osteoporosis in cage layers.

  2000cited by this paper
• CHAPTER 18 – The Parathyroids, Calcitonin, and Vitamin D

  2000cited by this paper
• Bone marrow stromal cells: characterization and clinical application.

  1999cited by this paper
• Bone and bone healing.

  1999cited by this paper
• An interspecies comparison of bone fracture properties

  1998cited by this paper
• Vergleich der histologischen Struktur der Kompakta der langen Röhren‐knochen bei Maus, Hamster, Ratte, Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen, Katze und Hund während der Altersentwicklung

  1997cited by this paper
• Histomorphometric and angiographic analysis of bone healing in the humerus of pigeons.

  1996cited by this paper
• Histomorphometric and angiographic analysis of the humerus in pigeons.

  1996cited by this paper
• The ferret as a small animal model with BMU-based remodeling for skeletal research.

  1995cited by this paper
• Assessing bone quality--animal models in preclinical osteoporosis research.

  1995cited by this paper
• Fracture repair of reptilian dermal bones: can reptiles form secondary cartilage?

  1986cited by this paper
• 2 – Invertebrate Cartilages

  1983cited by this paper
• Erythropoiesis and haemoglobin ontogeny in the turtle Emys orbicularis L.

  1981cited by this paper
• Reptilian bone marrow. An ultrastructural study in the spanish lizard, Lacerta hispanica

  1981cited by this paper
• Avian fracture healing.

  1977cited by this paper
• A comparative histological study of mammalian bone

  1974cited by this paper
• The innervation of the bone marrow in laboratory animals.

  1968cited by this paper
• Studies of Haversian systems in man and some animals.

  1966cited by this paper
• On the bone induced by estrogens in birds.

  1963cited by this paper
• Histological structure of the long bones of penguins

  1962cited by this paper
• Comparison of fracture repair in the frog, lizard and rat.

  1950cited by this paper
• THE EVOLUTION OF EPIPHYSES AND OF ENDOCHONDRAL BONE

  1942cited by this paper

• Additive manufacturing for biomedical bone implants: Shaping the future of bones

  2025cites this paper
• Injuries in deep time: interpreting competitive behaviours in extinct reptiles via palaeopathology.

  2025cites this paper
• Skeletal pathologies in extant crocodilians as a window into the paleopathology of fossil archosaurs.

  2025cites this paper
• Treatment of pressure gun fractures and release in the wild of a caracara (Caracara plancus)

  2025cites this paper
• Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic mechanism of wing bone strength in Cornish White

  2025cites this paper
• Osteohistological analysis of metatarsals reveals new information on pathology and life history of troodontids from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada

  2025cites this paper
• Histologic characterization of fracture repair process in wild birds in association with gross appearance of the bone lesion

  2025cites this paper
• Anaerostipes caccae CML199 enhances bone development and counteracts aging-induced bone loss through the butyrate-driven gut–bone axis: the chicken model

  2024cites this paper
• 3D‐printed model of a femur fracture and treatment with plate osteosynthesis in a red‐eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)

  2023cites this paper
• Retrospective Analysis of Pelvic Limb Fracture Management in Companion Psittacine Birds (60 Cases)

  2023cites this paper
• Chronic fracture and osteomyelitis in a large‐bodied ornithomimosaur with implications for the identification of unusual endosteal bone in the fossil record

  2022cites this paper
• Assessment of 2 Treatment Methods for Ulna Fractures With an Intact Radius in Raptors: Conservative Management and Surgical Fixation With a Type I External Skeletal Fixator Intramedullary Pin Tie-in

  2022cites this paper
• External coaptation for mandibular fractures in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): 2 cases

  2021cites this paper
• Untargeted metabolomics study on the effects of rearing ducks in cages on bone quality

  2021cites this paper
• Considerações sobre fraturas em aves

  2020cites this paper