A Prospective Cohort Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Risk and Opium Addiction in South Eastern Iran

Opium addiction and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are endemic in different parts of Iran, particularly in Bam, where a massive earthquake occurred. This study was designed to compare the incidence rate and severity of CL cases among opium addicted and non-addicted individuals in south-eastern Iran. This study was carried out as a prospective cohort by active house-to-house visits of 1,481 habitants in Bam. CL cases were confirmed by smear and identification of Leishmania species was performed using nested-PCR. The data was analyzed by χ2 and t-tests, using SPSS software and also Kaplan-Meier survival curve and long-rank test in Stata 11.2 and P<0.05 was considered as significant. A total of 904 individuals consisting of 226 opium addicted and 678 non-addicted individuals were followed-up for a period of seven years. The two cohorts were similar in terms of age, sex and place of residency. A similar pattern of incidence was observed among the two cohort groups. In contrast, the severity of CL in terms of the number, duration and the size of the lesions in opium addicted individuals was significantly (P<0.001) higher than non-opium addicted individuals. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that there is no relationship between the incidence of CL and opium addiction.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  PLoS ONE

• Publication date

  2014-02-20

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0089043PMID 24586494PMCID 3930687
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Possible association between human blood types and opioid addiction.

  2011cited by this paper
• Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bam: A Comparative Evaluation of Pre- and Post-Earthquake Years (1999–2008)

  2011cited by this paper
• Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Luxembourg according to the Joint Interim Statement definition estimated from the ORISCAV-LUX study

  2011cited by this paper
• Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region.

  2010influential reference
• Scaling up methadone maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Iran.

  2010cited by this paper
• Drug Resistance in Leishmaniasis

  2010cited by this paper
• Adverse impact of international NGOs during and after the Bam earthquake: health system's consumers' points of view.

  2009cited by this paper
• Morphine-induced Neuroimmunomodulation in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis: The Role(s) of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide

  2007cited by this paper
• Epidemiology of Opium Use in the General Population

  2007cited by this paper
• Post Traumatic stress Disorder and General Symptoms of Anxiety in Adolescent Survivors of Bam Earthquake

  2006cited by this paper
• Nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Chichaoua, Morocco

  2006cited by this paper
• Drug Resistance in Leishmaniasis

  2006cited by this paper
• The Household Survey of Drug Abuse in Kerman, Iran

  2005cited by this paper
• Psychological distress among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran: a population-based study

  2005cited by this paper
• Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives.

  2004cited by this paper
• Opioid-induced immunosuppression: is it centrally mediated or peripherally mediated?

  2003cited by this paper
• Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.

  2002cited by this paper
• The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide.

  2001cited by this paper
• The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses.

  2000cited by this paper
• Heroin modulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase.

  2000cited by this paper
• Substance abuse in young people.

  2000cited by this paper
• Opioids in pain management.

  1999cited by this paper
• A Nested-PCR-Based Schizodeme Method for Identifying Leishmania Kinetoplast Minicircle Classes Directly from Clinical Samples and Its Application to the Study of the Epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan

  1998cited by this paper
• Antinociceptive and immunosuppressive effects of opiate drugs: a structure‐related activity study

  1997cited by this paper
• Morphine Inhibits Spontaneous and Cytokine-enhanced Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Volunteers

  1995cited by this paper
• STUDY OF THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF MOTHERS ABOUT KALA-AZAR IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES OF ENDEMIC AREA OF MESHKIN - SHAHR

  1995cited by this paper
• Chronic morphine administration impairs cell-mediated immune responses in swine.

  1992cited by this paper
• Differential effects of morphine and naltrexone on the antibody response in various mouse strains.

  1992cited by this paper
• Chronic morphine administration impairs cell-mediated, but not humoral immune responses

  1991cited by this paper
• Lethality of morphine in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

  1990cited by this paper
• Opioid-mediated suppression of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell respiratory burst activity.

  1987cited by this paper
• Opioid-mediated suppression of interferon-gamma production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

  1987cited by this paper
• Toxicomanie, anorexie: quels liens?

  1986cited by this paper
• [Drug addiction, anorexia: what is the connection?].

  1986cited by this paper
• Measurement of Delayed Skin-Test Responses

  1975cited by this paper
• Editorial: Measurement of delayed skin-test responses.

  1975cited by this paper

• Identification of CβS and ODC antimony resistance markers in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis field isolates by gene expression profiling

  2025cites this paper
• An inclusive assessment of apoptosis mechanisms in Leishmania species: A narrative literature review

  2025cites this paper
• Mortality and negative outcomes of opioid use and opioid use disorder: a six-year follow-up study.

  2022cites this paper
• Mental health, stigma, and neglected tropical diseases: A review and systematic mapping of the evidence

  2022cites this paper
• Title: Opium Versus Methadone Effects on Polysomnographic Characteristics of Patients With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Running title: Opium vs. Methadone Effects on OHS

  2022cites this paper
• Effect of Opium Versus Methadone on Polysomnographic Characteristics of Patients With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

  2022cites this paper
• A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

  2021cites this paper
• Major risk factors and histopathological profile of treatment failure, relapse and chronic patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: A prospective case-control study on treatment outcome and their medical importance.

  2021cites this paper
• The effects of natural disasters on leishmaniases frequency: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.

  2021cites this paper
• A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

  2021cites this paper
• The impact of diabetes on cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case–control field assessment

  2021influential citation
• Comparative Testing of Susceptibility Levels of Phlebotomus sergenti, the Main Vector of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Conventional Insecticides Using Two Capture Methods in Kerman City, Southeastern Iran

  2021cites this paper
• Determinants of Unresponsiveness to Treatment in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Focus on Anthroponotic Form Due to Leishmania tropica

  2021cites this paper
• A novel diagnostic and prognostic approach for unresponsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using artificial neural networks

  2021cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2020cites this paper
• The Impact of Diabetes on Cutaneous Leishmanisis: A Case Control Study on Infection, Treatment Outcomes and its Public Health Importance

  2020cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2020cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2020cites this paper
• Emerging Epidemics of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran: Operational Aspects, Management and Implemented Control Approaches

  2019cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2019cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2019cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2019cites this paper
• A Novel Niosomal Combination of Selenium Coupled with Glucantime against Leishmania tropica

  2019cites this paper
• A single-group trial of end-stage patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: Levamisole in combination with Glucantime in field and laboratory models.

  2019cites this paper
• Differential expression of TLRs 2, 4, 9, iNOS and TNF-α and arginase activity in peripheral blood monocytes from glucantime unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica.

  2019cites this paper
• Associated-risk determinants for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate: A cohort study in Iran

  2019cites this paper
• Association of Phlebotomus guggisbergi with Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica in a complex transmission setting for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil, Nakuru county, Kenya

  2019cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2019cites this paper
• POST DISASTER GOVERNANCE AND DISEASE SURVEILLANCE FOLLOWING EARTHQUAKE

  2018cites this paper
• Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian army units during 2014-2017 using a hierarchical Bayesian method and the spatial scan statistic

  2018cites this paper
• Modeling of Environmental Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Zoonotic and Anthroponotic Cutaneous, and Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Foci of Iran: a Remote Sensing and GIS Based Study

  2018cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2018cites this paper
• Unresponsiveness to meglumine antimoniate in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis field isolates: analysis of resistance biomarkers by gene expression profiling

  2018cites this paper
• Leishmania tropica isolates from non-healed and healed patients in Iran: A molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis.

  2018cites this paper
• Risk factors for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in unresponsive and responsive patients in a major focus, southeast of Iran

  2018cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2018cites this paper
• The Effect of Active Case Detection and Early Treatment on the Incidence Rate of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Iran

  2018cites this paper
• The Effectiveness of Group Family Training About the Principles of Harm Reduction Approach on Marital Satisfaction of Spouses of Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Treatment

  2017influential citation
• Clinical Features of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Major Focus, Southeastern Iran, 1994–2014

  2017cites this paper
• Women in opioid maintenance treatment in Iran: Background characteristics and history of substance use and risk behaviors

  2017influential citation
• Topical terbinafine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: triple blind randomized clinical trial

  2016cites this paper
• THE EFFECT OF ACTIVE CASE DETECTION AND EARLY TREATMENT ON THE INCIDENCE RATE OF ANTHROPONOTIC CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN KERMAN PROVINCE, IRAN

  2016cites this paper
• Leishmaniasis as a Neglected Cause of Isolated Lymphadenopathy: A Case Report

  2016cites this paper
• A Comprehensive Review of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran-Narrative Review Article

  2015cites this paper
• Faunal identification and frequency distribution of wild sand flies infected with Leishmania tropica

  2015cites this paper
• Post-treatment Clinical Outcomes of Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in the Bam Area, South Eastern Iran: Analysis of over 9,000 Cases.

  2015cites this paper
• Comparison between Combination Therapy of Oral Terbinafine and Cryotherapy versus Systemic Meglumine Antimoniate and Cryotherapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

  2015influential citation