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Potencial dos óleos essenciais de plantas no controle de insetos e microrganismos

Neiva Knaak,Lidia Mariana Fiuza

Published 2010 in Neotropical Biology and Conservation

ABSTRACT

EnglishThe repelling or attracting plants substances are mainly from terpenic nature and they appear as molecules with less molecular weight and volatile. Usually, these substances are known as aromatic or essential oils, which amass themselves at all herbal organs. In the herbs, essential oils develop functions related to volatility, acting to attract the pollinating, to protect against pathogens predators, in the missing of water, to rise the temperature and also making ecological functions, especially as a germination inhibitor. These features make the plants which produce these aromatics a powerful source of biocidal agents, being steadily studied in agroecosystems, principally because of the bactericidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities. The main components are the monoterpenes, followed by sesquiterpenes, besides aromatic compounds with low molecular weight. The specific function that essential oils turns out on the plant is still unknown; however, it is supposed that the higher plants synthesize terpenoids which are essential to their growth. These substances of secondary metabolism can act as germination inhibitors, protection against predators, pollinator attractors, among others. However, the evaluation of these compounds with general purposes is recent, for example, using it as natural insecticide or herbicide, or to control pathogenic microorganisms of cultured plants, since there are few research papers developed and published in this area. This review tells about the interactions of essential oils of medicinal, wild, and cultured plants with microorganisms and insects. portuguesAs substâncias repelentes ou atraentes das plantas sao, principalmente, de natureza terpenica e se apresentam como moleculas de baixo peso molecular e volatil. Essas substâncias, normalmente, sao conhecidas como aromaticas e se denominam oleos essenciais, os quais se acumulam em todos os orgaos vegetais. Nos vegetais, os oleos essenciais desenvolvem funcoes relacionadas com sua volatilidade, agindo na atracao de polinizadores, na protecao contra predadores, nos patogenos, na perda de agua, no aumento de temperatura e tambem desempenhando funcoes ecologicas, especialmente como inibidoras de germinacao. Essas caracteristicas tornam as plantas que os produzem poderosas fontes de agentes biocidas, o que e largamente estudado nos agroecossistemas, principalmente no que concerne as acoes bactericida, fungicida e inseticida. Os oleos essenciais tem como principais constituintes os monoterpenos, seguidos pelos sesquiterpenos, alem de compostos aromaticos de baixo peso molecular. Sua funcao especifica na planta ainda e desconhecida, porem se acredita que, durante o seu desenvolvimento, as plantas superiores sintetizam terpenoides essenciais para o proprio crescimento. Essas substâncias do metabolismo secundario podem agir como inibidores de germinacao, protecao contra predadores, atracao de polinizadores, entre outras. Entretanto, a avaliacao desses compostos com finalidades diversas, como, por exemplo, no controle de microrganismos patogenicos de plantas cultivadas ou, ainda, como inseticida ou herbicida natural, e recente, visto que sao poucos os trabalhos de pesquisa desenvolvidos e publicados nessa area. Esta revisao em artigo trata das interacoes dos oleos essenciais de plantas medicinais, silvestres e cultivadas com microrganismos e insetos.

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