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Correction: New Fungus-Insect Symbiosis: Culturing, Molecular, and Histological Methods Determine Saprophytic Polyporales Mutualists of Ambrosiodmus Ambrosia Beetles

You Li,D. Simmons,Craig C. Bateman,D. Short,M. Kasson,R. Rabaglia,J. Hulcr

Published 2016 in PLoS ONE

ABSTRACT

Ambrosia symbiosis is an obligate, farming-like mutualism between wood-boring beetles and fungi. It evolved at least 11 times and includes many notorious invasive pests. All ambrosia beetles studied to date cultivate ascomycotan fungi: early colonizers of recently killed trees with poor wood digestion. Beetles in the widespread genus Ambrosiodmus, however, colonize decayed wood. We characterized the mycosymbionts of three Ambrosiodmus species using quantitative culturing, high-throughput metabarcoding, and histology. We determined the fungi to be within the Polyporales, closely related to Flavodon flavus. Culture-independent sequencing of Ambrosiodmus minormycangia revealed a single operational taxonomic unit identical to the sequences from the cultured Flavodon. Histological sectioning confirmed that Ambrosiodmus possessed preoral mycangia containing dimitic hyphae similar to cultured F. cf. flavus. The Ambrosiodmus-Flavodon symbiosis is unique in several aspects: it is the first reported association between an ambrosia beetle and a basidiomycotan fungus; the mycosymbiont grows as hyphae in the mycangia, not as budding pseudo-mycelium; and the mycosymbiont is a white-rot saprophyte rather than an early colonizer: a previously undocumented wood borer niche. Few fungi are capable of turning rotten wood into complete animal nutrition. Several thousand beetle-fungus symbioses remain unstudied and promise unknown and unexpected mycological diversity and enzymatic innovations. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0137689 September 14, 2015 1 / 13 OPEN ACCESS Citation: You L, Simmons DR, Bateman CC, Short DPG, Kasson MT, Rabaglia RJ, et al. (2015) New Fungus-Insect Symbiosis: Culturing, Molecular, and Histological Methods Determine Saprophytic Polyporales Mutualists of Ambrosiodmus Ambrosia Beetles. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0137689. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0137689 Editor: Petr Karlovsky, Georg-August-University Goettingen, GERMANY Received: June 29, 2015 Accepted: August 19, 2015 Published: September 14, 2015 Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Data Availability Statement: MiSeq sequences were deposited in NCBI Sequence Read Archive accession SRP058537. Sanger sequence data were deposited in GenBank accessions KR119072– KR119080 and KR871005–KR871009. Funding: This research was funded by USDA-FSSRS Coop agreement 14-CA-11330130-032, USDAFS-FHP Coop agreement 12-CA-11420004-042, USDA Farm Bill agreement 14-8130-0377-CA, NSF DEB 1256968, the West Virginia Agricultural

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