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Biology, environmental and nutritional modulation of skin mucus alkaline phosphatase in fish: A review

J. Lallès

Published 2019 in Fish and Shellfish Immunology

ABSTRACT

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a major, recently recognized component of innate immunity. The intestinal AP (IAP) isoform plays a pivotal role in controlling gastrointestinal and systemic inflammation in terrestrial mammals. This is so essentially through detoxification (by dephosphorylation) of proinflammatory microbial components that can no longer be recognized by so‐called toll‐like receptors, thus preventing cellular inflammatory cascade activation. A unique feature of fish is the presence of AP in skin and epidermal mucus (skin mucus AP) but its actual functions and underlying mechanisms of action are presently unknown. Here, we gather and analyse knowledge available on skin mucus AP in order to provide a holistic view of this important protective enzyme. Our main conclusions are that skin mucus AP is responsive to biotic and abiotic factors, including nutrients and bioactive feed components, prebiotics and probiotics. Importantly, both skin mucus AP and IAP appear to correlate, thus raising the interesting possibility that skin mucus AP be used as a proxy for IAP in future nutritional studies. Blood serum AP also seems to correlate with skin mucus AP, though biological interpretation for such relationship is presently unknown. Finally, the precise isoform/s of AP present in skin should be identified and underlying molecular mechanisms of skin mucus AP actions deciphered. Graphical abstract Figure. No Caption available. HighlightsLALLES JP – Review in Fish and Shellfish Immunology – MS FSIM‐D‐19‐00026.Fish produce skin mucus which contains alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity.The actual functions of skin mucus AP are presently unknown.Skin mucus AP could be anti‐inflammatory as intestinal AP is in mammals and fish.Skin mucus AP activity can be increased by various dietary compounds.

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