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Corn Era Hybrid Macronutrient and Dry Matter Accumulation in Plant Components

K. Woli,J. Sawyer,Matt J. Boyer,L. Abendroth,R. Elmore

Published 2018 in Agronomy Journal

ABSTRACT

Agronomy Journa l • Volume 110 , I s sue 5 • 2018 Continuous advancement in biotechnology, plant breeding, and crop management practices have resulted in increased corn grain yield worldwide. Corn grain yields in the United States started to rise in the late 1930s, associated with introduction of hybrids and improved cultural methods (Duvick, 2005). The United States yield gains averaged 63 kg–1 ha–1 yr–1 from 1930 to 1960 and 110 kg–1 ha–1 yr–1 during the next 40 yr (Troyer, 2000). Approximately 50 to 60% of yield gains may be attributed to genetic improvement and the remainder attributed to climate change and improvement in cultural practices such as weed and pest control, timeliness of planting, and increased efficiency of harvest equipment (Russell, 1974; Duvick, 1977; Cardwell, 1982; Edmeades and Tollenaar, 1990; Duvick, 1992; Osteen, 2000; Tollenaar and Lee, 2002; Assefa et al., 2012). There is a close interaction between genetic improvement and cultural practices, and neither could have resulted in such progress alone. Maintaining optimal soil test levels and appropriate fertilization are essential for hybrid yield potential to be realized, but nutrient applications must use sustainable financial and environmental approaches (Shapiro and Wortmann, 2006). Effective nutrient management includes an accurate accounting of nutrient removal from soils in harvested portions of crops (Heckman et al., 2003). Hybrid developments can influence accumulation and partitioning of nutrients (Bender et al., 2013). For example, improvement in corn grain yield has been accompanied by a decline in grain N concentration (Duvick, 1997; Ciampitti and Vyn, 2013). Increased understanding of macronutrient uptake in newer hybrids may be gained by determining nutrient concentration and partitioning in plant fractions including grain, cobs, and vegetative components at different crop development stages. Furthermore, crop nutrient management programs may need to take into account nutrient partitioning and uptake requirements at different development stages in the growing season (Jordan et al., 1950); they must certainly account for removal with harvest of different plant fractions. The harvest of corn stover components and cobs for cellulosic ethanol production is an example where there would be differences in nutrient removal, and compared to grain only harvest, could increase removal and accelerate depletion of soil nutrients if not properly accounted for (Sindelar et al., 2013). There Corn Era Hybrid Macronutrient and Dry Matter Accumulation in Plant Components

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