Immunogenicity of infectious pathogens and vaccine antigens

The concept of the immunogenicity of an antigen is frequently encountered in the context of vaccine development, an area of intense interest currently due to the emergence or re-emergence of infectious pathogens with the potential for worldwide spread. However, the theoretical notion of immunogenicity as discussed in older textbooks of immunology needs reconsideration due to advances in our understanding of immunologic responses. Immunogenicity is a property that can either be a desirable attribute, for example in the generation of an effective protective immunity against infectious pathogens or an undesirable trait, for example when it relates to novel therapeutic compounds and drugs, where an immune response needs to be prevented or inhibited. In this Forum Article, we aimed to revisit the issue of immunogenicity to discuss a series of simple questions relevant to the concept that are frequently rephrased but incompletely resolved in the immunologic literature.

• Publication year

  2015

• Venue

  BMC Immunology

• Publication date

  2015-05-29

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1186/s12865-015-0095-yPMID 26021448PMCID 4446803
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Altered glycosylation of complexed native IgG molecules is associated with disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus

  2015cited by this paper
• Antigen excess in modern immunoassays: to anticipate on the unexpected.

  2015cited by this paper
• Prospects for safe and effective vaccines against prion diseases

  2015cited by this paper
• Clinical trials of human papillomavirus vaccines and beyond

  2015cited by this paper
• Immunogenicity of infectious pathogens and vaccine antigens

  2015cited by this paper
• Natural Antibodies Bridge Innate and Adaptive Immunity

  2015cited by this paper
• Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis

  2014cited by this paper
• Novel approaches to identify protective malaria vaccine candidates

  2014cited by this paper
• Studying the antibody repertoire after vaccination: practical applications.

  2014cited by this paper
• Rotavirus vaccines: successes and challenges.

  2014cited by this paper
• Monitoring peptide processing for MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum.

  2014cited by this paper
• Impact of autoantibody glycosylation in autoimmune diseases.

  2014cited by this paper
• Are the anatomical sites for vaccine administration selected judiciously?

  2014cited by this paper
• Clinical trials of human papillomavirus vaccines and beyond

  2013cited by this paper
• Micro/nanoparticle adjuvants for antileishmanial vaccines: present and future trends.

  2013cited by this paper
• DNA vaccines

  2013cited by this paper
• Mucosal vaccines: where do we stand?

  2013cited by this paper
• Regulation of immunopathogenesis during Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections: more parallels than distinctions?

  2013cited by this paper
• Humoral immunity in chronic allograft rejection: puzzle pieces come together.

  2012cited by this paper
• Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells

  2012influential reference
• Isotype and glycoform selection for antibody therapeutics.

  2012cited by this paper
• Tertiary lymphoid organs in infection and autoimmunity

  2012cited by this paper
• On the perils of poor editing: regulation of peptide loading by HLA-DQ and H2-A molecules associated with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes

  2012cited by this paper
• New insights in mucosal vaccine development.

  2012cited by this paper
• A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC‐I‐restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned

  2012cited by this paper
• Laboratory demonstration of a prozone-like effect in HRP2-detecting malaria rapid diagnostic tests: implications for clinical management

  2011cited by this paper
• Vaccination: The Present and the Future

  2011cited by this paper
• Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies

  2011cited by this paper
• Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria

  2011cited by this paper
• Population diversity and antibody selective pressure to Plasmodium falciparum MSP1 block2 locus in an African malaria-endemic setting

  2009cited by this paper
• Janeway's immunobiology

  2007cited by this paper
• Partial Delipidation Improves the T-Cell Antigenicity of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen

  2006cited by this paper
• Dendritic-cell trafficking to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels

  2005cited by this paper
• AVOIDING DECEPTIVE IMPRINTING OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HIV-1 INFECTION IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

  2004cited by this paper
• Malaria-specific antibody subclasses in immune individuals: a key source of information for vaccine design.

  2003cited by this paper
• Class and subclass selection in parasite-specific antibody responses.

  2003cited by this paper
• Short report: differential evolution of immunoglobulin G1/G3 antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum MSP1(19) over time in malaria-immune adult Senegalese patients.

  2002cited by this paper
• [Erythematosus].

  1971cited by this paper

• Key Considerations for a Prostate Cancer mRNA Vaccine.

  2025cites this paper
• Negative Association of Gulf War Illness Symptomatology with Predicted Binding Affinity of Anthrax Vaccine Antigen to Human Leukocyte (HLA) Class II Molecules

  2025cites this paper
• Immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-derived extracellular vesicles as a novel vaccine candidate

  2025cites this paper
• Repeated vaccination with homologous influenza hemagglutinin broadens human antibody responses to unmatched flu viruses

  2025cites this paper
• The role of serological testing for vaccination with a focus on immunocompromised patients: a synthesis of current evidence.

  2025cites this paper
• The Application of Single-Cell Technologies for Vaccine Development Against Viral Infections

  2025cites this paper
• Advantages of Broad-Spectrum Influenza mRNA Vaccines and Their Impact on Pulmonary Influenza

  2024cites this paper
• Harnessing microbial antigens as cancer antigens: a promising avenue for cancer immunotherapy

  2024influential citation
• Multiplex genetic manipulations in Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium sporogenes to secrete recombinant antigen proteins for oral-spore vaccination

  2024cites this paper
• Group A streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 restricts tumor growth in murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma and inhibits cancer-promoting neutrophil extracellular traps

  2024cites this paper
• Safety and reactogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine: Development, post-marketing surveillance, and real-world data

  2024cites this paper
• Group A Streptococcal Collagen-like Protein 1 Restricts Tumor Growth in Murine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Inhibits Cancer-Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

  2024cites this paper
• Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies

  2024cites this paper
• Immune responses of chickens against recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg FimA and FimW fimbriae and FliD and FlgK flagellar proteins.

  2024cites this paper
• Health Technology Assessment del vaccino ricombinante adiuvato contro il virus respiratorio sinciziale (Arexvy®)

  2024cites this paper
• Antigen presentation in cancer — mechanisms and clinical implications for immunotherapy

  2023cites this paper
• Designing a multi-epitope chimeric protein from different potential targets: A potential vaccine candidate against Plasmodium.

  2023cites this paper
• Use of automated capillary immunoassays for quantification of antibodies in chicken sera against recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg proteins.

  2023cites this paper
• Trend analysis of the current epidemic situation and analysis of factors underlying local uneven spread of covid cases

  2023cites this paper
• Two MP2CL5 Antigen Vaccines from Naegleria fowleri Stimulate the Immune Response against Meningitis in the BALB/c Model

  2023cites this paper
• Analysis of the Development of Trends in the Current Epidemic Situation during Spread of the New SARS-CoV-2 Strains and Factors of their Regional Differentiation

  2023cites this paper
• A Fresh Glimpse into Cartilage Immune Privilege

  2022cites this paper
• Formation of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibody after vaccination

  2022cites this paper
• Tannic Acid, as a Structural Moiety Coupled to a Protein Antigen, Exhibiting a Molecular-Structure Adjuvant Activity for Antibody Specificity Enhancement.

  2022cites this paper
• Research Progress on the Immunogenicity and Regeneration of Acellular Adipose Matrix: A Mini Review

  2022cites this paper
• An Introduction to Biosimilars for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases: A Narrative Review

  2022cites this paper
• Opportunities for Nitric Oxide in Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy

  2022cites this paper
• COVID-19: Comparison of immunogenicity response between natural and post-vaccination infections

  2022cites this paper
• Rheumatic Diseases and Biosimilars: Evidence about Switch from Originators to Biosimilars in the Real Life

  2021cites this paper
• Immunogenicity and structural efficacy of P41 of Plasmodium sp. as potential cross-species blood-stage malaria vaccine

  2021cites this paper
• Evaluation of immunogenicity of vaccine candidates

  2021cites this paper
• Vaccination of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

  2021cites this paper
• Decellularized xenogeneic scaffolds in transplantation and tissue engineering: Immunogenicity versus positive cell stimulation.

  2021cites this paper
• From Bedside to Bench: Methods in Precision Medicine

  2021cites this paper
• A multi-epitope chimeric protein elicited a strong antibody response and partial protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Nile tilapia.

  2021cites this paper
• The level of C3 and C4 complement components in rats after the administration of myasthenogenic sera with different cytotoxicity

  2021cites this paper
• Abscopal Effects in Metastatic Cancer: Is a Predictive Approach Possible to Improve Individual Outcomes?

  2021cites this paper
• Vaccine Responses in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Comprehensive Review

  2021cites this paper
• Viral surface geometry shapes influenza and coronavirus spike evolution through antibody pressure

  2020cites this paper
• Regulatory and strategic considerations for addressing immunogenicity and related responses in biopharmaceutical development programs

  2020cites this paper
• Design Considerations for Vaccine Trials with a Special Focus on COVID-19 Vaccine Development

  2020cites this paper
• Defining and Manipulating B Cell Immunodominance Hierarchies to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Influenza Virus.

  2020cites this paper
• Do parasite infections interfere with immunisation? A review and meta-analysis.

  2020cites this paper
• Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines

  2019cites this paper
• Cloning and expression of immunogenic Clostridium botulinum C2I mutant proteins designed from their evolutionary imprints.

  2019cites this paper
• Vaccination

  2019cites this paper
• In-silico structural modeling and epitope prediction of highly conserved Plasmodium falciparum protein AMR1.

  2019cites this paper
• Bioinformatic methods for cancer neoantigen prediction.

  2019cites this paper
• Inclusion of non-target antigen in vaccination favors generation of OVA specific CD4 memory T cells.

  2019cites this paper
• Current State of Biosimilars in Mexico: The Position of the Mexican College of Rheumatology, 2016

  2018cites this paper
• Antibody and Antigen Interaction

  2018cites this paper
• Stem Cells and Cancer

  2018cites this paper
• Saint Christopher: Protection of Immunocompromised Travelers by Vaccination

  2018cites this paper
• Stem Cell Genetics for Biomedical Research

  2018cites this paper
• Developing effective vaccines: Cues from natural infection

  2018cites this paper
• Brucellosis vaccines based on the open reading frames from genomic island 3 of Brucella abortus.

  2018cites this paper
• The major histocompatibility complex and antibody‐mediated limbic encephalitis

  2017cites this paper
• Current state of biosimilars in Mexico: The position of the Mexican College of Rheumatology, 2016.

  2017cites this paper
• Trivalent pneumococcal protein vaccine protects against experimental acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in an infant murine model.

  2017cites this paper
• [Seasonal flu vaccination for older people: Evaluation of the quadrivalent vaccine. Positioning report].

  2017cites this paper
• Multivalent Fusion DNA Vaccine against Brucella abortus

  2017cites this paper
• Nanoparticle-based B-cell targeting vaccines: Tailoring of humoral immune responses by functionalization with different TLR-ligands.

  2017cites this paper
• The infectious risks in blood transfusion as of today - A no black and white situation.

  2016cites this paper
• Towards the knowledge-based design of universal influenza epitope ensemble vaccines

  2016cites this paper