{"corpus_id":110611214,"paper_sha":"2e2d8ad3da851b1db561442e27fbfc074376bd68","doi":"10.1115/1.4007318","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2804318197,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Analytical Analysis of Indirect Combustion Noise in Subcritical Nozzles","year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-11","venue":"Volume 8: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C","journal":{"name":"Volume 8: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C","pages":null,"volume":null},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Physics","Engineering"],"reference_count":21,"citation_count":70,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"This article revisits the problem of indirect combustion noise in nozzles of finite length. The analytical model proposed by Moase et al. (JFM 2007) for indirect combustion noise is red-erived and applied to subcritical nozzles having shapes of increasing complexity. This model is based on the equations formulated by Marble & Candel (JSV 1977) for which an explicit solution is obtained in the subsonic framework. The discretization of the nozzle into n elementary units of finite length implies the determination of 2n integration constants for which a set of linear equations is provided in this article. The analytical method is applied to configurations of increasing complexity. Analytical solutions are compared to numerical results obtained using SUNDAY (a 1D non linear Euler solver in temporal space) and CEDRE (3D Navier-Stokes flow solver). An excellent agreement is found for all configurations thereby showing that acceleration discontinuities at the boundaries between adjacent elements do not influence the actual acoustic transfer functions. The issue of nozzle compactness is addressed. It is found that in the subcritical domain, spectral results should be nondimensionalized using the flow-through-time of the entire nozzle. Doing so, transfer functions of nozzles of different lengths are successfully compared and a compactness criterion is proposed that writes ω*∫0Ldζ/uζ<1 where L is the axial length of the nozzle. Finally, the EWG experimental setup of Bake et al. (JSV 2009) is considered. Analytical results are compared to the results reported by Howe (JFM 2010). Both models give similar trends and show the important role of the rising time of the fluctuating temperature front on the amplitude of the indirect acoustic emission. The experimental temperature profile and the impedance coefficients at the inlet and outlet provided by Bake et al. (JSV 2009) and Leyko et al. (JSV 2011) are introduced into the analytical formulation. Results show that the indirect combustion noise mechanism cannot be held responsible alone for the acoustic emission in the subcritical case.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_7e2312af8283d2d0ebdd8d4d6ba851ff","status":"active","text":"An explicit solution to the Marble & Candel equations is obtained in the subsonic framework, with nozzle discretization into n elementary units requiring 2n integration constants determined by a system of linear equations.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7e2312af8283d2d0ebdd8d4d6ba851ff"},{"public_id":"cl_482bb93c61bbabe635c7c3e88fdf9a2c","status":"active","text":"Analytical predictions of acoustic transfer functions agree closely with numerical results from SUNDAY and CEDRE across configurations, indicating that acceleration discontinuities at element boundaries do not affect the acoustic transfer functions.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_482bb93c61bbabe635c7c3e88fdf9a2c"},{"public_id":"cl_7bacb9d098a88ebb6507464cd8ec76b5","status":"active","text":"Comparison with the Howe (JFM 2010) model for the EWG experimental setup shows both models predict similar trends, with the rising time of the fluctuating temperature front strongly affecting the amplitude of indirect acoustic emission.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7bacb9d098a88ebb6507464cd8ec76b5"},{"public_id":"cl_53a462a4acc2c4ecc7b1dbb2d6a6f6e9","status":"active","text":"Indirect combustion noise cannot alone account for the acoustic emission observed in the subcritical case when experimental temperature profiles and impedance coefficients are introduced into the analytical formulation.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_53a462a4acc2c4ecc7b1dbb2d6a6f6e9"},{"public_id":"cl_9e28f3e37582c5204df7cd1b1758deb6","status":"active","text":"Nondimensionalizing spectral results using the flow-through-time of the entire nozzle allows transfer functions of nozzles of different lengths to be successfully compared, leading to a proposed compactness criterion of the form omega times the integral of dζ over uζ along the nozzle length being less than 1.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9e28f3e37582c5204df7cd1b1758deb6"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_0322eb047d64c99d2462b6c1f51400ef","status":"active","name":"acoustic transfer functions","description":"Functions relating incoming entropy or flow disturbances to the resulting acoustic waves generated by the nozzle.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0322eb047d64c99d2462b6c1f51400ef"},{"public_id":"co_090bc14a1dd7134449f22bfe6b57c7b0","status":"active","name":"EWG experimental setup","description":"The experimental rig used by Bake et al. (JSV 2009) to measure indirect combustion noise, considered here for comparison with analytical predictions.","types":["experimental setup"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_090bc14a1dd7134449f22bfe6b57c7b0"},{"public_id":"co_102daf1bbb16f6482679afc3261cd6ae","status":"active","name":"flow-through-time","description":"The characteristic time for fluid to traverse the axial length of the nozzle, used to nondimensionalize spectral results.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_102daf1bbb16f6482679afc3261cd6ae"},{"public_id":"co_32a9b04b636e6032fbd3880ec80692bd","status":"active","name":"Marble & Candel equations","description":"The set of equations formulated by Marble & Candel (JSV 1977) describing the conversion of entropy fluctuations into acoustic waves in nozzle flow.","types":["theoretical framework"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_32a9b04b636e6032fbd3880ec80692bd"},{"public_id":"co_4f1399e6e2af7acd76bdbbf3f6eabbcf","status":"active","name":"fluctuating temperature front","description":"A moving front of temperature fluctuation entering the nozzle whose rising time influences the amplitude of the resulting indirect acoustic emission.","types":["phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4f1399e6e2af7acd76bdbbf3f6eabbcf"},{"public_id":"co_5796f10e3e30373013e84185b02a2a9e","status":"active","name":"subcritical nozzles","description":"Nozzles operating below the choking (sonic) condition, i.e., in the subsonic flow regime, used as the case studies in this article.","types":["system"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5796f10e3e30373013e84185b02a2a9e"},{"public_id":"co_64231dd896b41872855901ae33746e5a","status":"active","name":"indirect combustion noise","description":"Acoustic noise generated when entropy or temperature fluctuations are accelerated through a nozzle and convert into sound waves.","types":["phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_64231dd896b41872855901ae33746e5a"},{"public_id":"co_72a2f888ae3021429f890faf56ee8737","status":"active","name":"SUNDAY","description":"A one-dimensional nonlinear Euler solver operating in temporal space, used to numerically simulate nozzle flow for comparison with the analytical model.","types":["software tool"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_72a2f888ae3021429f890faf56ee8737"},{"public_id":"co_75a564bff37bc4043af07bb9f8837b2a","status":"active","name":"CEDRE","description":"A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver used to numerically simulate nozzle configurations for comparison with analytical predictions.","types":["software tool"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_75a564bff37bc4043af07bb9f8837b2a"},{"public_id":"co_dd24c7cb8c23de15ecd8414b56363209","status":"active","name":"nozzle compactness","description":"The property describing whether a nozzle's axial length is short relative to the relevant acoustic timescale, assessed here via a proposed criterion.","types":["property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_dd24c7cb8c23de15ecd8414b56363209"},{"public_id":"co_e7823e907c106acca8fb41b5a3c98ceb","status":"active","name":"impedance coefficients","description":"Boundary condition coefficients at the nozzle inlet and outlet characterizing acoustic reflection, taken from experimental data and used in the analytical formulation.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":391,"public_id":"x53qfq3ny9","public_label":"kafkapple (x53qfq3ny9)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/x53qfq3ny9"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e7823e907c106acca8fb41b5a3c98ceb"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1115/1.4007318","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2804318197,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/110611214","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":631219,"paper_uid":"1dac5e7f-34de-416a-a607-cad72a68b447","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631219,"paper_uid":"1dac5e7f-34de-416a-a607-cad72a68b447","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/110611214"}