{"corpus_id":110749917,"paper_sha":"ea1885efcc838593b8e82ee8c9c30b1c36519316","doi":"10.1016/J.EJPE.2015.11.002","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2231338554,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Experimental and empirical study of diesel and castor biodiesel blending effect, on kinematic viscosity, density and calorific value","year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Petroleum","pages":"509-514","volume":"25"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Chemistry","Engineering","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":16,"citation_count":63,"influential_citation_count":5,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to investigate the fuel properties like density, viscosity and calorific value of trans-esterified methyl ester using castor biodiesel and their blends with No. 2 diesel. Empirical correlations are proposed to predict the kinematic viscosity, density, and calorific value for a mixture of castor oil and No. 2 diesel. Kay mixing rule shows a good prediction for the fuel properties under study. Several polynomials are fitted using least square method, and the fitted equations show a good agreement with the experimental data from our study. The developed equations could be used as universal formulas to predict the kinematic viscosity, density, and calorific value for castor oil and No. 2 diesel blend. The equations can be used to optimize the mixing ratio of the castor oil/No. 2 diesel for different applications. Blending of castor oil with No. 2 diesel- in the range of 20% castor oil, will not violate the required specification of diesel engines.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_d452d4ce1bf17865237f824b4e57ee47","status":"active","text":"Blending castor oil with No. 2 diesel up to 20% castor oil does not violate the required specification of diesel engines.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_d452d4ce1bf17865237f824b4e57ee47"},{"public_id":"cl_cfc8d9b021cbd2ab9ecfa7c7cd6e5f5a","status":"active","text":"Empirical correlations were proposed to predict kinematic viscosity, density, and calorific value for mixtures of castor oil and No. 2 diesel.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_cfc8d9b021cbd2ab9ecfa7c7cd6e5f5a"},{"public_id":"cl_f2780ead0a9960447817107ed836f585","status":"active","text":"Kay mixing rule gives good prediction for the fuel properties under study.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f2780ead0a9960447817107ed836f585"},{"public_id":"cl_8a5515c0628db22a0f2d73ac439abc74","status":"active","text":"Polynomials fitted by the least square method show good agreement with the experimental data.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8a5515c0628db22a0f2d73ac439abc74"},{"public_id":"cl_adab497c8a27dd7f9a5b817e98fe025b","status":"active","text":"The developed equations can be used as universal formulas to predict kinematic viscosity, density, and calorific value for castor oil and No. 2 diesel blends.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_adab497c8a27dd7f9a5b817e98fe025b"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_112280643679662b7ef6913ad6ebcf93","status":"active","name":"density","description":"The mass per unit volume of the fuel blend.","types":["property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_112280643679662b7ef6913ad6ebcf93"},{"public_id":"co_193d39640055dba973b85e824c3eabde","status":"active","name":"No. 2 diesel","description":"A conventional diesel fuel used as the blending partner and reference fuel.","types":["fuel"],"aliases":["diesel"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_193d39640055dba973b85e824c3eabde"},{"public_id":"co_19d525eeeb6be4b1bfb9dc873d50ab49","status":"active","name":"castor oil and No. 2 diesel blend","description":"A binary fuel mixture formed by blending castor oil-derived biodiesel with No. 2 diesel at different ratios.","types":["fuel blend"],"aliases":["castor oil/No. 2 diesel blend"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_19d525eeeb6be4b1bfb9dc873d50ab49"},{"public_id":"co_269a6d7d33ce7dd366f8cfb0b3380206","status":"active","name":"Kay mixing rule","description":"A mixing rule used to estimate properties of fuel mixtures from the properties of components.","types":["method"],"aliases":["Kay rule"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_269a6d7d33ce7dd366f8cfb0b3380206"},{"public_id":"co_344a77ace9d86d3bcf93c3bdd125c97f","status":"active","name":"diesel engine specification","description":"The required fuel-property standards that diesel-engine fuels must satisfy.","types":["standard"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_344a77ace9d86d3bcf93c3bdd125c97f"},{"public_id":"co_51a9ebda7303f0c7819e6bd0d254cd82","status":"active","name":"calorific value","description":"The heat released per unit amount of fuel on combustion.","types":["property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_51a9ebda7303f0c7819e6bd0d254cd82"},{"public_id":"co_693d008b33e2e83bceaa76357cf6bcf4","status":"active","name":"castor biodiesel","description":"A biodiesel fuel derived from castor oil and used here in trans-esterified methyl ester form.","types":["fuel"],"aliases":["castor oil biodiesel"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_693d008b33e2e83bceaa76357cf6bcf4"},{"public_id":"co_9bc645f3c5c316e9a6867583c7371ec0","status":"active","name":"experimental data","description":"Measured fuel-property values collected in the study for model fitting and comparison.","types":["dataset"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9bc645f3c5c316e9a6867583c7371ec0"},{"public_id":"co_a05d95b5e7572048dc9b06bc351e2f5b","status":"active","name":"polynomials","description":"Fitted polynomial equations used to model the fuel-property data.","types":["model"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a05d95b5e7572048dc9b06bc351e2f5b"},{"public_id":"co_aef7d06c698113fabb40bf620a0e5a47","status":"active","name":"least square method","description":"A fitting method that chooses polynomial coefficients by minimizing squared errors.","types":["method"],"aliases":["least squares method"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_aef7d06c698113fabb40bf620a0e5a47"},{"public_id":"co_cfcd26d33475ab0654a3b1679b563147","status":"active","name":"empirical correlations","description":"Data-driven relationships proposed to estimate fuel properties from blend composition.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_cfcd26d33475ab0654a3b1679b563147"},{"public_id":"co_d50a615329ec3ac19a886ecc0594e9ac","status":"active","name":"kinematic viscosity","description":"A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under gravity.","types":["property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d50a615329ec3ac19a886ecc0594e9ac"},{"public_id":"co_e1e7b3fc73e55b579b9bea9f2b8622d0","status":"active","name":"developed equations","description":"The fitted predictive formulas obtained for the blend-property relationships.","types":["model"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e1e7b3fc73e55b579b9bea9f2b8622d0"},{"public_id":"co_f09ed9726b202c4f73cf73e1fe7668b1","status":"active","name":"trans-esterified methyl ester","description":"The esterified fuel product obtained from trans-esterification of castor oil.","types":["fuel"],"aliases":["methyl ester"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f09ed9726b202c4f73cf73e1fe7668b1"},{"public_id":"co_fd4e8cf15c62742e05335b363f917d7d","status":"active","name":"20% castor oil","description":"A blend composition containing castor oil at a 20% proportion in the fuel mixture.","types":["composition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_fd4e8cf15c62742e05335b363f917d7d"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1016/J.EJPE.2015.11.002","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2231338554,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/110749917","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":632126,"paper_uid":"5141f20e-a871-4136-a112-b2bc2be9bf66","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":632126,"paper_uid":"5141f20e-a871-4136-a112-b2bc2be9bf66","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/110749917"}