{"corpus_id":129895517,"paper_sha":"eed7eb57ce66d3a7e749f795e8522ad495058a28","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001310","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2033071245,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Martian dust storms: 1999 Mars Orbiter Camera observations","year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-10-25","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research","pages":"23653-23687","volume":"106"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Geology","Physics","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":58,"citation_count":320,"influential_citation_count":36,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2000JE001310","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eed7eb57ce66d3a7e749f795e8522ad495058a28","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"BRONZE","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"The Mars Orbiter Camera on board the Mars Global Surveyor from March 9, 1999 ( L s = 107°, where L s is the areocentric longitude of the Sun measured in degrees from Mars' northern spring equinox), to December 31, 1999 ( L s = 274°), has obtained 7.5 km pixel −1 daily global maps of the Martian surface in two wavelength bands: blue (400–450 nm) and red (575–625 nm). Visual inspection of these maps during the 1999 dust storm season has resulted in the detection of 783 dust storms, ranging in size from “local” (>10 2 km 2 ) to “regional” (>1.6×10 6 km 2 ). No global storms were observed. The difference in the numbers of dust storms occurring in the two hemispheres (north: 343; south: 440) was not statistically significant. Fifty percent of the regional size dust storms formed as a result of the “merger” of two or more smaller local storms. The regional storms from L s = 207° to L s = 223° were observed to move from the northern hemisphere into the southern hemisphere between 30°W and 50°W longitude. This cross‐equatorial transport of dust suggests the location of the low‐lying southward flowing branch of the Hadley circulation. Observations show that dust storms occur in several regions on Mars: at the two polar cap edges, at the base of high elevation regions in the northern hemisphere, near the polar hood during northern fall, and at mid‐latitudes in both hemispheres. Specific regions such as Solis Planum and Hesperia, which were regions of significant dust activity in the past, showed almost no dust storm activity in 1999, suggesting that regional dust sources are variable over a 20‐year time frame. One region of exceptional activity not noted previously was the Arcadia‐Amazonis border. However, other regions, such as near Elysium Mons, Acidalia, Chryse, Hellas, Noachis, Argyre, Cimmeria, and Sirenum, again were active dust storm regions. Relative dust opacities were modeled for 117 red wavelength events and ranged from 0.54 “diffuse haze” to 2.13 “concentrated local events.” From the dust opacities we estimated the north polar sedimentation rate to be 6.0–10×10 −4 g cm −2 yr −1 , a factor of 40 smaller than previous estimates from the two 1977 global dust storms [ Pollack et al. , 1979], along with the global dust mass loading (2.6–4.0×10 −4 g cm −2 ) and cross‐equatorial dust mass loading (3.6×10 −4 g cm −2 ). The 1999 cross‐equatorial mass dust loading suggests that the southern hemisphere subtropical latitudes require at least 2–3 Martian years to replenish their dust sources before global storms can form.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_6a8cebaf573313a3640bac53ff3083cd","status":"active","text":"Dust opacities modeled from 117 red-wavelength dust storm events yielded an estimated north polar sedimentation rate of 6.0-10x10^-4 g cm^-2 yr^-1, about 40 times smaller than earlier estimates derived from the 1977 global dust storms, along with a cross-equatorial dust mass loading of 3.6x10^-4 g cm^-2.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_6a8cebaf573313a3640bac53ff3083cd"},{"public_id":"cl_56e967b79d9905226ddbd0d887e7d1a0","status":"active","text":"Fifty percent of the regional dust storms observed in 1999 formed through the merger of two or more smaller local storms.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_56e967b79d9905226ddbd0d887e7d1a0"},{"public_id":"cl_a66ff9b66b256bad47aeedf0508c2aec","status":"active","text":"Regional dust storms observed between Ls = 207° and Ls = 223° moved from the northern hemisphere into the southern hemisphere near 30°W-50°W longitude, indicating the location of the low-lying southward branch of the Hadley circulation.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_a66ff9b66b256bad47aeedf0508c2aec"},{"public_id":"cl_44e13a02ca8a10b15bc0aaf9d4ec5696","status":"active","text":"Solis Planum and Hesperia, both significant dust storm source regions in the past, showed almost no dust storm activity in 1999, while the previously unnoted Arcadia-Amazonis border emerged as a region of exceptional dust storm activity, indicating that regional dust sources are variable over a 20-year timeframe.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_44e13a02ca8a10b15bc0aaf9d4ec5696"},{"public_id":"cl_921eec44a2ed922a2cb5deb6f023b8ab","status":"active","text":"The 1999 cross-equatorial dust mass loading suggests that southern hemisphere subtropical latitudes require at least 2-3 Martian years to replenish their dust sources before global dust storms can form.","confidence":0.75,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_921eec44a2ed922a2cb5deb6f023b8ab"},{"public_id":"cl_a1cf18f9aa96fba6500733a2eb2d30f8","status":"active","text":"Visual inspection of Mars Orbiter Camera daily global maps from March 9 to December 31, 1999 identified 783 Martian dust storms ranging in size from local to regional, with no global dust storms observed.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_a1cf18f9aa96fba6500733a2eb2d30f8"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_00b9875a3a6bb546582a3dc04286b738","status":"active","name":"storm merger","description":"The combination of two or more separate local dust storms into a single larger storm system.","types":["process"],"aliases":["merger"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_00b9875a3a6bb546582a3dc04286b738"},{"public_id":"co_0efb7b74758d96a7a7573f8055e25973","status":"active","name":"regional dust storm","description":"A Martian dust storm classification covering an area greater than 1.6x10^6 km^2, intermediate in scale between local and global storms.","types":["phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0efb7b74758d96a7a7573f8055e25973"},{"public_id":"co_2552d5c7b416f09b32efe4e47660dca5","status":"active","name":"north polar sedimentation rate","description":"The rate at which atmospheric dust settles out and accumulates on the Martian north polar cap.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_2552d5c7b416f09b32efe4e47660dca5"},{"public_id":"co_46aa9a6b89d3bcd53d3725e902e7be0c","status":"active","name":"Arcadia-Amazonis border","description":"The boundary area between the Arcadia and Amazonis regions of Mars.","types":["region"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_46aa9a6b89d3bcd53d3725e902e7be0c"},{"public_id":"co_52c512873b288b5cf750da95ba7e2c1d","status":"active","name":"Hesperia","description":"A highland region on Mars previously recognized as a source area for regional dust storms.","types":["region"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_52c512873b288b5cf750da95ba7e2c1d"},{"public_id":"co_88cfbbb4b2b7296f05123adb0413a44f","status":"active","name":"dust opacity","description":"A measure of how much atmospheric dust attenuates light, modeled here for individual dust storm events observed in the red wavelength band.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":["dust opacities"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_88cfbbb4b2b7296f05123adb0413a44f"},{"public_id":"co_925a0b5b4982ac6096b6991faf679bb1","status":"active","name":"Solis Planum","description":"A plateau region on Mars previously recognized as a source area for regional dust storms.","types":["region"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_925a0b5b4982ac6096b6991faf679bb1"},{"public_id":"co_a2c254c6980c0e8a6afe5c55c637a88c","status":"active","name":"Hadley circulation","description":"A large-scale atmospheric overturning circulation with rising air in one hemisphere and sinking air in the other, connected by low-level cross-equatorial flow.","types":["atmospheric circulation phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a2c254c6980c0e8a6afe5c55c637a88c"},{"public_id":"co_b32f3b450c08c8e242ff49e3ebd10662","status":"active","name":"areocentric longitude of the Sun","description":"A coordinate, denoted Ls, giving Mars' position in its orbit around the Sun in degrees measured from the northern spring equinox, used to mark seasonal timing.","types":["measure"],"aliases":["Ls"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b32f3b450c08c8e242ff49e3ebd10662"},{"public_id":"co_c973d9ebeaecc38e1fad8f524ddc16ef","status":"active","name":"cross-equatorial dust mass loading","description":"The quantity of dust transported across the Martian equator by regional dust storms.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c973d9ebeaecc38e1fad8f524ddc16ef"},{"public_id":"co_ccaac45ce70758e571911e49ebba6371","status":"active","name":"dust storms","description":"Atmospheric events on Mars in which windblown dust obscures the surface, ranging in size from local to global.","types":["phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ccaac45ce70758e571911e49ebba6371"},{"public_id":"co_e1c3a14c12723bc7e1752bd5319c3d6f","status":"active","name":"Mars Orbiter Camera","description":"A camera instrument aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft used to acquire daily global surface maps of Mars in blue and red wavelength bands.","types":["instrument"],"aliases":["MOC"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e1c3a14c12723bc7e1752bd5319c3d6f"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1029/2000JE001310","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2033071245,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2000JE001310","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eed7eb57ce66d3a7e749f795e8522ad495058a28","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":null,"status":"BRONZE","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":632317,"paper_uid":"d59af73e-7f53-477c-9324-852e627ac3bf","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":632317,"paper_uid":"d59af73e-7f53-477c-9324-852e627ac3bf","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/129895517"}