{"corpus_id":131696561,"paper_sha":"a5ce5339a5ca57018c71792409f13096e97398cf","doi":"10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2014.05.011","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2142390227,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Australian sea levels—Trends, regional variability and influencing factors","year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","pages":"155-174","volume":"136"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Geology","Geography","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":99,"citation_count":131,"influential_citation_count":9,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"article i nfo There has been significant progress in describing and understanding global-mean sea-level rise, but the regional departures from this global-mean rise are more poorly described and understood. Here, we present a com- prehensive analysis of Australian sea-level data from the 1880s to the present, including an assessment of satellite-altimeter data since 1993. Sea levels around the Australian coast are well sampled from 1966 to the present. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of data from 16 sites around the coast explains 69% of the variance, and is closely related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with the strongest influence on the northern and western coasts. Removing the variability in this EOF correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index reduces the differences in the trends between locations. After the influence of ENSO is removed and allowing for the impact of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) and atmospheric pressure effects, Australian mean sea-level trends are close to global-mean trends from 1966 to 2010, including an increase in the rate of rise in the early 1990s. Since 1993, there is good agreement between trends calculated from tide-gauge records and altimetry data, with some notable exceptions, some of which are related to localised vertical-land motions. For the periods 1966 to 2009 and 1993 to 2009, the average trends of relative sea level around the coastline are 1.4 ± 0.3 mm yr �1 and 4.5 ± 1.3 mm yr","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_86079d10dec81b882984a9752132322e","status":"active","text":"After accounting for El Niño Southern Oscillation variability, glacial isostatic adjustment, and atmospheric pressure effects, Australian mean sea-level trends are close to global-mean trends from 1966 to 2010, including an increased rise rate in the early 1990s.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_86079d10dec81b882984a9752132322e"},{"public_id":"cl_eb479e31dab2e49c524aeb00e03a5449","status":"active","text":"Average relative sea-level trends around the Australian coastline are 1.4 ± 0.3 mm yr⁻1 for 1966 to 2009 and 4.5 ± 1.3 mm yr⁻1 for 1993 to 2009.","confidence":0.99,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_eb479e31dab2e49c524aeb00e03a5449"},{"public_id":"cl_261444310137478b12b7b6d0233cd328","status":"active","text":"Removing the variability in this empirical orthogonal function that correlates with the Southern Oscillation Index reduces differences in sea-level trends between locations.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_261444310137478b12b7b6d0233cd328"},{"public_id":"cl_0b6846de7aa0a90bfbcc94621a0279f5","status":"active","text":"Since 1993, tide-gauge and altimetry-derived trends agree well overall, although some notable exceptions are linked to localized vertical-land motions.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_0b6846de7aa0a90bfbcc94621a0279f5"},{"public_id":"cl_5c4fbf358b33f1fb94a550b4c4596a96","status":"active","text":"The first empirical orthogonal function of sea-level data from 16 Australian coastal sites explains 69% of the variance and is closely related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation, with the strongest influence on the northern and western coasts.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_5c4fbf358b33f1fb94a550b4c4596a96"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_0dbc9b7382bedd0bccdbc98de0b1dfab","status":"active","name":"global-mean trends","description":"The average global sea-level trend used as a comparison standard.","types":["trend measure","benchmark"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0dbc9b7382bedd0bccdbc98de0b1dfab"},{"public_id":"co_18722c326beab107c39504f3f3a2452d","status":"active","name":"relative sea level","description":"Sea level measured relative to the adjacent land surface.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":["RSL"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_18722c326beab107c39504f3f3a2452d"},{"public_id":"co_292f9244f57f7c9f5c7654a6734b18cf","status":"active","name":"altimetry data","description":"Satellite-based measurements of sea surface height used to estimate sea-level trends.","types":["measurement data"],"aliases":["satellite-altimeter data"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_292f9244f57f7c9f5c7654a6734b18cf"},{"public_id":"co_2e53f186bf4998ed8401868bee33b487","status":"active","name":"Southern Oscillation Index","description":"An index used to represent the Southern Oscillation component of ENSO.","types":["climate index"],"aliases":["SOI"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_2e53f186bf4998ed8401868bee33b487"},{"public_id":"co_5f5c6107ec625d9d6f8fb792cacc0870","status":"active","name":"glacial isostatic adjustment","description":"Long-term vertical land movement caused by the Earth's response to past ice loading.","types":["geophysical process"],"aliases":["GIA"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5f5c6107ec625d9d6f8fb792cacc0870"},{"public_id":"co_68fd83771a13f93d02881ca2324518a2","status":"active","name":"Australian sea-level data","description":"Sea-level observations collected from around the Australian coast over a long historical period.","types":["dataset"],"aliases":["sea-level data from Australia"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_68fd83771a13f93d02881ca2324518a2"},{"public_id":"co_71566dab35a8526e882202ced1520a2e","status":"active","name":"average trends","description":"Mean estimated trend values summarized over a set of coastal records.","types":["summary statistic"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_71566dab35a8526e882202ced1520a2e"},{"public_id":"co_930eb39a78bc66972c1ffa9d44e20280","status":"active","name":"Australian mean sea-level trends","description":"The average sea-level trend estimated for Australia after accounting for major influences.","types":["trend measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_930eb39a78bc66972c1ffa9d44e20280"},{"public_id":"co_b0f48f268d8cc8e1e97d31ba2c2ff934","status":"active","name":"empirical orthogonal function","description":"A spatial-temporal decomposition used to isolate major modes of variability in the sea-level records.","types":["method"],"aliases":["EOF"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b0f48f268d8cc8e1e97d31ba2c2ff934"},{"public_id":"co_b46c6b784dce24454848de8932b48a3e","status":"active","name":"first Empirical Orthogonal Function","description":"The leading empirical orthogonal function used to summarize dominant spatial variability in sea-level data.","types":["method","statistical feature"],"aliases":["EOF1"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b46c6b784dce24454848de8932b48a3e"},{"public_id":"co_b6cdeee8855468899e83186e3ff65efa","status":"active","name":"sea-level trends between locations","description":"Differences in estimated sea-level rise rates across coastal sites.","types":["trend measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b6cdeee8855468899e83186e3ff65efa"},{"public_id":"co_b9613434b8eff9262b33961b5b3d21dc","status":"active","name":"16 sites around the coast","description":"The set of 16 Australian coastal observation sites used in the spatial analysis.","types":["observation network"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b9613434b8eff9262b33961b5b3d21dc"},{"public_id":"co_c96b875dde61bf2312760f04418e3e3e","status":"active","name":"localized vertical-land motions","description":"Local changes in land elevation that affect relative sea-level measurements.","types":["geophysical process"],"aliases":["vertical land motions"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c96b875dde61bf2312760f04418e3e3e"},{"public_id":"co_d3d9de69774de886dafde7ced80f0983","status":"active","name":"El Niño Southern Oscillation","description":"A climate variability pattern associated here with coastal sea-level variability.","types":["climate phenomenon"],"aliases":["ENSO"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d3d9de69774de886dafde7ced80f0983"},{"public_id":"co_dfa585eb8007055a3ca919fccd8b799a","status":"active","name":"Australian coastline","description":"The coastal perimeter of Australia considered in the trend analysis.","types":["geographic region"],"aliases":["Australian coast"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_dfa585eb8007055a3ca919fccd8b799a"},{"public_id":"co_f2c5e850e8226b0a71b402855c636bef","status":"active","name":"tide-gauge records","description":"Instrumental coastal sea-level measurements taken by tide gauges.","types":["measurement record"],"aliases":["tide gauge records"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f2c5e850e8226b0a71b402855c636bef"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2014.05.011","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2142390227,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/131696561","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":636865,"paper_uid":"ca50bd23-355c-482b-95b6-c41cc05e968d","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":636865,"paper_uid":"ca50bd23-355c-482b-95b6-c41cc05e968d","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/131696561"}