{"corpus_id":132343340,"paper_sha":"78bfc3d37688ffdbe45bb2cbd01e82621fe260aa","doi":"10.1016/J.YMSSP.2019.03.030","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2928514491,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Development of analytical and numerical models for predicting the mechanical properties of structural adhesives under curing using the PZT-based wave propagation technique","year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","venue":"Mechanical systems and signal processing","journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","pages":null,"volume":null},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Materials Science","Engineering"],"reference_count":59,"citation_count":34,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0888327019302110","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/78bfc3d37688ffdbe45bb2cbd01e82621fe260aa","s2_open_access_license":"publisher-specific-oa","s2_open_access_status":"BRONZE","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Abstract Structural adhesives are commonly used as bonding agents in fibre-reinforced polymer based strengthening systems for concrete structures. The effectiveness and integrity of the bonding layer can be ascertained by monitoring the stiffness and strength development of the structural adhesive throughout the curing process. Previous studies have shown that the piezoelectric-based wave propagation (WP) technique is a viable technology for such monitoring. While there is a limited number of experimental data that verifies the technology, there are no known modelling studies. This paper therefore reports the first analytical and numerical modelling study for the WP technique in monitoring the curing process of structural adhesives. An experimental program is also reported to support the modelling. Tests are firstly conducted with the WP technique to obtain the pressure wave (P-wave) velocity. Tensile tests are then conducted to determine the ultimate tensile strength and static modulus of elasticity of the structural adhesives. Based on the P-wave velocity, the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be evaluated analytically from the elastic wave equation as well as numerically through model updating with the development of a three-dimensional coupled field finite element model. Finally, semi-analytical and semi-numerical relationships are established to predict the ultimate tensile strength of the structural adhesives from the P-wave velocity. This proof-of-concept study shows that the WP technique is capable of continuous and real-time monitoring of the curing process of structural adhesives. With the aid of the models, the WP technique can potentially eliminate the need to conduct destructive tensile tests.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_f5847d1706d6dadc1698d89b80ba34ca","status":"active","text":"Analytical and numerical modeling of the piezoelectric-based wave propagation technique for monitoring the curing process of structural adhesives is presented for the first time.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f5847d1706d6dadc1698d89b80ba34ca"},{"public_id":"cl_15a5d9afbe225a87837a30151523edcf","status":"active","text":"Dynamic modulus of elasticity can be evaluated from pressure wave velocity both analytically using the elastic wave equation and numerically through model updating with a three-dimensional coupled field finite element model.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_15a5d9afbe225a87837a30151523edcf"},{"public_id":"cl_00f9051bf62b272904bd520b61696348","status":"active","text":"Semi-analytical and semi-numerical relationships are established to predict ultimate tensile strength from pressure wave velocity.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_00f9051bf62b272904bd520b61696348"},{"public_id":"cl_c3d7ff30a90c421eae7f110ee1fb9716","status":"active","text":"The wave propagation technique enables continuous and real-time monitoring of the curing process of structural adhesives and may reduce the need for destructive tensile tests.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_c3d7ff30a90c421eae7f110ee1fb9716"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_0716efce50f5de076d9d360bafe943b8","status":"active","name":"dynamic modulus of elasticity","description":"An elasticity measure inferred from wave propagation under dynamic loading conditions.","types":["material property"],"aliases":["dynamic modulus"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0716efce50f5de076d9d360bafe943b8"},{"public_id":"co_4d9203de57b036bb1236694cfd68f6f8","status":"active","name":"curing process","description":"The time-dependent hardening and property development of an adhesive after application.","types":["process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4d9203de57b036bb1236694cfd68f6f8"},{"public_id":"co_5ce6c0249986771ec90c236a81524b4e","status":"active","name":"piezoelectric-based wave propagation technique","description":"A monitoring method that uses piezoelectric transducers and wave transmission to assess material behavior.","types":["method"],"aliases":["WP technique","wave propagation technique"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5ce6c0249986771ec90c236a81524b4e"},{"public_id":"co_607709c64cc1af292021050f439810b1","status":"active","name":"static modulus of elasticity","description":"The elastic modulus determined from conventional tensile testing under static loading.","types":["material property"],"aliases":["static modulus"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_607709c64cc1af292021050f439810b1"},{"public_id":"co_68f7a32b9e187200904eeb06da7d436a","status":"active","name":"destructive tensile tests","description":"Mechanical tests that load specimens to failure to measure tensile properties.","types":["test"],"aliases":["tensile tests"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_68f7a32b9e187200904eeb06da7d436a"},{"public_id":"co_76491eb8a47ae6cbc833ca2c86492c4f","status":"active","name":"elastic wave equation","description":"A governing equation relating elastic wave propagation to material stiffness.","types":["equation"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_76491eb8a47ae6cbc833ca2c86492c4f"},{"public_id":"co_9020a7ce8130bd7312ccf5fb359a0b8f","status":"active","name":"pressure wave velocity","description":"The measured speed of compressive wave propagation used as an indicator of material state.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":["P-wave velocity","P-wave"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9020a7ce8130bd7312ccf5fb359a0b8f"},{"public_id":"co_b43b9d23a9195a8e4607b958fc7b1ef6","status":"active","name":"three-dimensional coupled field finite element model","description":"A finite element simulation that couples multiple physical fields in three spatial dimensions.","types":["model"],"aliases":["3D coupled field finite element model","finite element model"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b43b9d23a9195a8e4607b958fc7b1ef6"},{"public_id":"co_d78fa2d5e3770f2df250005aa1b78f5d","status":"active","name":"structural adhesives","description":"Adhesive materials used as bonding agents in structural strengthening applications.","types":["material"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d78fa2d5e3770f2df250005aa1b78f5d"},{"public_id":"co_d8cfe4a93e19d15f907f47b599901111","status":"active","name":"ultimate tensile strength","description":"The maximum tensile stress a material can withstand before failure.","types":["material property"],"aliases":["tensile strength"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d8cfe4a93e19d15f907f47b599901111"},{"public_id":"co_f311a354b19d72ca61ee419b726d5092","status":"active","name":"proof-of-concept study","description":"An initial demonstration intended to show feasibility of a method or approach.","types":["study design"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f311a354b19d72ca61ee419b726d5092"},{"public_id":"co_f3b0daf21fd1b651d48c24e6d6198087","status":"active","name":"semi-analytical and semi-numerical relationships","description":"Predictive relationships combining analytical formulation and numerical calibration.","types":["model"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f3b0daf21fd1b651d48c24e6d6198087"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1016/J.YMSSP.2019.03.030","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2928514491,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0888327019302110","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/78bfc3d37688ffdbe45bb2cbd01e82621fe260aa","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"publisher-specific-oa","status":"BRONZE","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":637680,"paper_uid":"1a266a26-63fa-4ff6-9886-37307eebf30f","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":637680,"paper_uid":"1a266a26-63fa-4ff6-9886-37307eebf30f","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/132343340"}