{"corpus_id":145577223,"paper_sha":"513517d5dd62c2cd675f8eeee335667d4d34cd32","doi":"10.1177/102986499800200103","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2120696812,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"A Psychological Investigation of Meaning in Music","year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","pages":"33 - 53","volume":"2"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Psychology"],"reference_count":9,"citation_count":88,"influential_citation_count":4,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Music has a strong effect on people's mental state and behaviour. This effect can be at a simple motor level, or it can be at a more complex level of arbitrary association or it can be at a much more complex cognitive and representational level. This latter case is of specific interest because it implies that, to some degree, music can be said to have a content that is not musical. Thus, when music is taken to depict a rough sea, then something in the music causes that: the music contains something that is being taken to signify roughness-of-sea. The existence of a large, natural yet arbitrary vocabulary (as is demonstrably the case for language) to relate musical expressions to non-musical events/objects seems implausible. In this paper, the possibility is explored that the vocabulary of musical expression concerns psychological aspects of people. Thus music, it is hypothesised, can express male/female-ness and good/evil-ness and happy/sad-ness and so on. Data obtained in a novel paradigm designed to test this hypothesis are described. Substantial support for the hypothesis is found: the implications of this are discussed.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_f855033272305c30d0e0cb65dbf66614","status":"active","text":"A novel paradigm designed to test whether music expresses psychological qualities provides substantial support for the hypothesis.","confidence":0.89,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f855033272305c30d0e0cb65dbf66614"},{"public_id":"cl_72917b61500fa4566510516bf4be6a87","status":"active","text":"Music can express psychological aspects of people rather than referring through a large arbitrary vocabulary to non-musical events or objects.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_72917b61500fa4566510516bf4be6a87"},{"public_id":"cl_ed9d42805fc1f85917da473cc57cee9f","status":"active","text":"Music is hypothesised to convey contrasting psychological meanings such as male/female-ness, good/evil-ness, and happy/sad-ness.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_ed9d42805fc1f85917da473cc57cee9f"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_21996fb4947151473d470821a8b702c9","status":"active","name":"meaning in music","description":"The idea that music can carry non-musical content or significance.","types":["research topic"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_21996fb4947151473d470821a8b702c9"},{"public_id":"co_8b1d647a5575eb4de57a74c97d911123","status":"active","name":"psychological aspects of people","description":"Human traits or qualities framed in psychological terms, such as gendered, moral, or emotional attributes.","types":["concept"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_8b1d647a5575eb4de57a74c97d911123"},{"public_id":"co_9dbe4c067d6fa2699fe06829a6a81202","status":"active","name":"male/female-ness","description":"A gender-related psychological dimension proposed as expressible in music.","types":["psychological dimension"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9dbe4c067d6fa2699fe06829a6a81202"},{"public_id":"co_a0705774649512ce96b0ed4857197ab0","status":"active","name":"happy/sad-ness","description":"An emotional-valence dimension proposed as expressible in music.","types":["psychological dimension"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a0705774649512ce96b0ed4857197ab0"},{"public_id":"co_b0c6aa39eb42633fbe8acd5709cbda49","status":"active","name":"large arbitrary vocabulary","description":"A hypothetical extensive set of conventional mappings linking musical expressions to external referents.","types":["concept"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b0c6aa39eb42633fbe8acd5709cbda49"},{"public_id":"co_d2396e7b4850509f412a6857c23fabdd","status":"active","name":"good/evil-ness","description":"A moral-valence dimension proposed as expressible in music.","types":["psychological dimension"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d2396e7b4850509f412a6857c23fabdd"},{"public_id":"co_d49f1d234888b454fe1eb82700052936","status":"active","name":"non-musical events/objects","description":"Events or objects outside the musical domain that music might be taken to represent.","types":["concept"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d49f1d234888b454fe1eb82700052936"},{"public_id":"co_d5a8f7158fb534f517bd739e00ef52c2","status":"active","name":"hypothesis","description":"The proposal that music expresses psychological characteristics of people.","types":["hypothesis"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d5a8f7158fb534f517bd739e00ef52c2"},{"public_id":"co_ef26b772143a2a65c6abd0f8141bfe6a","status":"active","name":"novel paradigm","description":"An experimental setup introduced to test the proposed hypothesis about musical meaning.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ef26b772143a2a65c6abd0f8141bfe6a"},{"public_id":"co_fdb4a2eb0afbdbe626425509c585c08d","status":"active","name":"musical expression","description":"The capacity of music to communicate or signify meanings beyond its sound structure.","types":["concept"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_fdb4a2eb0afbdbe626425509c585c08d"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1177/102986499800200103","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2120696812,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/145577223","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":631021,"paper_uid":"40c01bc5-c15f-477e-b4e2-09bc6b02c69e","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631021,"paper_uid":"40c01bc5-c15f-477e-b4e2-09bc6b02c69e","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/145577223"}