{"corpus_id":145588099,"paper_sha":"45de39f32d67d8fb2e40d86274c5af0bdf54e814","doi":"10.1086/229819","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2143736435,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community","year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-11-01","venue":"American Journal of Sociology","journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","pages":"760 - 778","volume":"97"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Sociology","Psychology"],"reference_count":14,"citation_count":650,"influential_citation_count":48,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Data from the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA)(1979-80) are used to examine the effects of skin-tone variations of blacks on educational attainment, occupation, and income, net of such antecedent factors as parental socioeconomic status and such contemporaneous factors as sex, region of residence, urbanicity, age, and marital status. The findings are that not only does complexion have significant net effects on stratification outcomes, but it is also a more consequential predictor of occupation and income than such background characteristics as parents' socioeconomic status. Results are consistent with an interpretation that suggests that the continuing disadvantage that darker blacks experience is due to persisting discrimination against them in the contemporary United States.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_fbc54c652dc39d327727a22cb2a0dabb","status":"active","text":"Complexion has significant net effects on educational attainment, occupation, and income among Black Americans after controlling for parental socioeconomic status, sex, region of residence, urbanicity, age, and marital status.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_fbc54c652dc39d327727a22cb2a0dabb"},{"public_id":"cl_52e579e2f16ed2c6bbb0c03ab938909e","status":"active","text":"Complexion is a more consequential predictor of occupation and income than parents' socioeconomic status.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_52e579e2f16ed2c6bbb0c03ab938909e"},{"public_id":"cl_9c156cec5158570bc07e3add88cffffb","status":"active","text":"The continuing disadvantage experienced by darker Black Americans is consistent with persisting discrimination in the contemporary United States.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9c156cec5158570bc07e3add88cffffb"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_3a34f47ef0c34ad4406270cf625ff438","status":"active","name":"occupation","description":"Respondents' occupational status or job attainment.","types":["outcome"],"aliases":["occupational status"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3a34f47ef0c34ad4406270cf625ff438"},{"public_id":"co_644388cfd203181954676e963b03f268","status":"active","name":"persisting discrimination","description":"Ongoing discriminatory treatment posited as an explanation for observed disadvantage.","types":["social process"],"aliases":["continuing discrimination"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_644388cfd203181954676e963b03f268"},{"public_id":"co_75364dfc2e21e822a34fe65740fc7083","status":"active","name":"contemporary United States","description":"The present-day U.S. social context in which the observed patterns are interpreted.","types":["setting"],"aliases":["modern United States"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_75364dfc2e21e822a34fe65740fc7083"},{"public_id":"co_7be1d14330d6e5b9b56a173444935539","status":"active","name":"National Survey of Black Americans","description":"A national survey of Black Americans conducted in 1979-80 and used as the data source.","types":["dataset","survey"],"aliases":["NSBA"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7be1d14330d6e5b9b56a173444935539"},{"public_id":"co_7d373dc605cb34a150efbb2c581754de","status":"active","name":"skin-tone variations","description":"Differences in complexion among Black Americans considered as an explanatory variable.","types":["demographic characteristic","predictor"],"aliases":["complexion","skin tone"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7d373dc605cb34a150efbb2c581754de"},{"public_id":"co_7db641e0196c775ff1f03c1649d01be3","status":"active","name":"stratification outcomes","description":"Social and economic attainment measures examined in the study, including education, occupation, and income.","types":["outcome"],"aliases":["social stratification outcomes"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7db641e0196c775ff1f03c1649d01be3"},{"public_id":"co_83b32b0da21d2d9dc8a5074266a413d5","status":"active","name":"educational attainment","description":"The level of education achieved by respondents.","types":["outcome"],"aliases":["education"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_83b32b0da21d2d9dc8a5074266a413d5"},{"public_id":"co_8699aeefd88ed99fb5453178f83a8cc6","status":"active","name":"darker blacks","description":"Black Americans with darker skin tones, considered in relation to disadvantage and stratification.","types":["population subgroup"],"aliases":["darker-skinned Blacks"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_8699aeefd88ed99fb5453178f83a8cc6"},{"public_id":"co_aacf170a5cb8dc879d6e9c40af72c47d","status":"active","name":"parental socioeconomic status","description":"The socioeconomic position of respondents' parents used as a background control variable.","types":["control variable","background factor"],"aliases":["parents' socioeconomic status"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_aacf170a5cb8dc879d6e9c40af72c47d"},{"public_id":"co_d894149232632d373fd020649d47f215","status":"active","name":"income","description":"Respondents' earnings or economic income level.","types":["outcome"],"aliases":["earnings"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d894149232632d373fd020649d47f215"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1086/229819","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2143736435,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/145588099","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":633974,"paper_uid":"3eb09cb1-a1ec-403b-8b6c-da38db1e006e","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":633974,"paper_uid":"3eb09cb1-a1ec-403b-8b6c-da38db1e006e","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/145588099"}