{"corpus_id":158890829,"paper_sha":"e9f80f9b581d7ac84a5191d0d61469d02fb31eca","doi":"10.3390/SU10010243","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2786235554,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"An Entropy Approach to Regional Differences in Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Implications for Ethanol Usage","year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-18","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Sustainability","pages":"243","volume":"10"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Economics","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":42,"citation_count":10,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/243/pdf?version=1516290907","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e9f80f9b581d7ac84a5191d0d61469d02fb31eca","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GOLD","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"The growth of the U.S. economy has been accompanied with a significant rise in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. As CO 2 emissions are dependent on regional climatic conditions and energy-related activities in states, this study examines the extent to which the distribution of CO 2 emissions vary across nine climatically consistent regions in the U.S. The results obtained from the entropy approach reveal that the inequalities of CO 2 emissions vary across the regions. While the total inequality of CO 2 emissions is determined by the between-region and the average within-region inequalities, the between-region inequality begins to dominate the average within-region inequalities around 1980s; the emission inequalities between regions increase, but those within each region decrease. Given that ethanol usage is relevant to energy-related CO 2 emissions, this study also evaluates the impact of ethanol usage on the changes in the emission inequalities. The results show that an increase in the ratio of ethanol to fossil fuels is associated closely with the reductions in the inequalities of CO 2 emissions.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_43f636fbfdb2bb540c85c807ea987130","status":"active","text":"An increase in the ratio of ethanol to fossil fuels is associated with reductions in the inequalities of CO2 emissions.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_43f636fbfdb2bb540c85c807ea987130"},{"public_id":"cl_cdd4f08bf46948676caaf2656b8e5048","status":"active","text":"Between-region inequality began to dominate average within-region inequalities around the 1980s.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_cdd4f08bf46948676caaf2656b8e5048"},{"public_id":"cl_1ccce8bf3b3c2e982515cc0dce8fd99e","status":"active","text":"Emission inequalities between regions increase while those within each region decrease.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_1ccce8bf3b3c2e982515cc0dce8fd99e"},{"public_id":"cl_f4f61fb2b03eb664492b30b09f1cb129","status":"active","text":"The entropy approach reveals that the inequalities of CO2 emissions vary across nine climatically consistent regions in the U.S.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f4f61fb2b03eb664492b30b09f1cb129"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_66cef25e059e8f8bc9c2e0286a106e4c","status":"active","name":"between-region inequality","description":"The component of total CO2 emission inequality attributed to differences between the nine climatically consistent regions.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_66cef25e059e8f8bc9c2e0286a106e4c"},{"public_id":"co_83b5e8194cbd6fc71aa5cad58fa5e282","status":"active","name":"ratio of ethanol to fossil fuels","description":"The ratio of ethanol consumption relative to fossil fuel consumption used to evaluate impact on CO2 emission inequalities.","types":["metric"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_83b5e8194cbd6fc71aa5cad58fa5e282"},{"public_id":"co_ced2cc84830d0745d7e98daa4e76617b","status":"active","name":"inequalities of CO2 emissions","description":"The distributional inequality of carbon dioxide emissions across and within regions, measured via entropy approach.","types":["phenomenon","measurement"],"aliases":["CO2 emission inequalities","emission inequalities"],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ced2cc84830d0745d7e98daa4e76617b"},{"public_id":"co_d3ef0cdc977792c522dda0ac27d26250","status":"active","name":"1980s","description":"The decade around which between-region inequality began to dominate average within-region inequalities.","types":["time period"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d3ef0cdc977792c522dda0ac27d26250"},{"public_id":"co_df3024f507c488f752d6857c3257a202","status":"active","name":"within-region inequality","description":"The component of total CO2 emission inequality attributed to differences within each region.","types":["measurement"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_df3024f507c488f752d6857c3257a202"},{"public_id":"co_e28bbb5d85f95b845a80bf58f8dfc56c","status":"active","name":"nine climatically consistent regions","description":"The nine U.S. regions defined by climatic consistency used for regional comparison of CO2 emissions.","types":["classification"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e28bbb5d85f95b845a80bf58f8dfc56c"},{"public_id":"co_e98b5ae375ba78eee90e5fc191720282","status":"active","name":"entropy approach","description":"An analytical method based on entropy to measure inequality in the distribution of CO2 emissions across regions.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e98b5ae375ba78eee90e5fc191720282"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.3390/SU10010243","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2786235554,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/243/pdf?version=1516290907","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e9f80f9b581d7ac84a5191d0d61469d02fb31eca","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"CCBY","status":"GOLD","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":631611,"paper_uid":"d8c83d8a-d2b3-434d-a4b4-a00336183f1a","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631611,"paper_uid":"d8c83d8a-d2b3-434d-a4b4-a00336183f1a","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/158890829"}