{"corpus_id":199953554,"paper_sha":"9cca4df6c1e04b0bd46ba603975c47af93d678b0","doi":"10.1080/03068374.2019.1636515","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2963324067,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"PATRIOTIC CHINESE TRIADS AND SECRET SOCIETIES: FROM THE IMPERIAL DYNASTIES, TO NATIONALISM, AND COMMUNISM","year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-27","venue":"Asian Affairs","journal":{"name":"Asian Affairs","pages":"305 - 322","volume":"50"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Political Science","History"],"reference_count":33,"citation_count":6,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Triad and other secret societies have been mutual aid groups, personal networks amongst Chinese, organised criminal gangs, as well as associated with patriotism. The perceived patriotism of triads originated in the support of some for the restoration of the Ming Dynasty and overthrow of the Manchu Qing dynasty. The association of triads with patriotism continued as triad and secret societies used regimes for advantage and regimes likewise used them when in need of support. The Nationalists (Kuomintang), the Communists, and even the British have worked with or used triad or other secret societies when the need has arisen. The pretext of patriotism is a central factor in the durability of triad and secret societies in China. This article seeks to explain the frequent association of triad societies with patriotism and why this has contributed to the durability of the criminality of triads that overlooks their long-term criminality.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_45371d6c2fe72f148787d7d44f4b0163","status":"active","text":"The Nationalists, the Communists, and the British have all worked with or used triad or other secret societies when the need arose.","confidence":0.91,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_45371d6c2fe72f148787d7d44f4b0163"},{"public_id":"cl_7087032059929491524e262d7328a993","status":"active","text":"The perceived patriotism of triads originated in support for restoring the Ming Dynasty and overthrowing the Manchu Qing dynasty.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7087032059929491524e262d7328a993"},{"public_id":"cl_a020d45dfe162f51c2b4ae7ceeaae055","status":"active","text":"The pretext of patriotism is a central factor in the durability of triad and secret societies in China and in the overlooking of their long-term criminality.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_a020d45dfe162f51c2b4ae7ceeaae055"},{"public_id":"cl_4476d3b63bfd2f430a582ecf43bcde6e","status":"active","text":"Triad and other secret societies have functioned as mutual aid groups, personal networks, organized criminal gangs, and groups associated with patriotism.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_4476d3b63bfd2f430a582ecf43bcde6e"},{"public_id":"cl_7f9787d025838a5c9ce5529e9969d0a1","status":"active","text":"Triad and secret societies maintained their association with patriotism by using regimes for advantage and being used by regimes when support was needed.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7f9787d025838a5c9ce5529e9969d0a1"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_1235519d15f5eb383a9204a1f18c1431","status":"active","name":"mutual aid groups","description":"Associations that provide reciprocal assistance and support among members.","types":["social organization"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous 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