{"corpus_id":21042983,"paper_sha":"76a4600d5de7046b7a070fb5975e433fd783b189","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.7694","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":26933804,"pmcid":"4951268","mag_id":2297968177,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"PLA2G16 promotes osteosarcoma metastasis and drug resistance via the MAPK pathway","year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-25","venue":"OncoTarget","journal":{"name":"Oncotarget","pages":"18021 - 18035","volume":"7"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine"],"reference_count":0,"citation_count":32,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Adult","mj":false,"ui":"D000328"},{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Bone Neoplasms","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug therapy","mj":false,"ui":"Q000188"},{"q":"enzymology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000201"},{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"pathology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000473"}],"ui":"D001859"},{"d":"Cell Movement","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug effects","mj":false,"ui":"Q000187"},{"q":"physiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D002465"},{"d":"Cell Proliferation","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug effects","mj":false,"ui":"Q000187"},{"q":"physiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D049109"},{"d":"Drug Resistance, Neoplasm","mj":false,"ui":"D019008"},{"d":"Female","mj":false,"ui":"D005260"},{"d":"HEK293 Cells","mj":false,"ui":"D057809"},{"d":"Heterografts","mj":false,"ui":"D064593"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"MAP Kinase Signaling System","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"physiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D020935"},{"d":"Male","mj":false,"ui":"D008297"},{"d":"Mice","mj":false,"ui":"D051379"},{"d":"Mice, Inbred BALB C","mj":false,"ui":"D008807"},{"d":"Mice, Nude","mj":false,"ui":"D008819"},{"d":"Neoplasm Metastasis","mj":false,"ui":"D009362"},{"d":"Osteosarcoma","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug therapy","mj":false,"ui":"Q000188"},{"q":"enzymology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000201"},{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"pathology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000473"}],"ui":"D012516"},{"d":"Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D054512"},{"d":"Prognosis","mj":false,"ui":"D011379"},{"d":"Tumor Suppressor Proteins","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D025521"},{"d":"Young Adult","mj":false,"ui":"D055815"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Tumor Suppressor Proteins","ui":"D025521","reg":"0"},{"n":"PLAAT3 protein, human","ui":"C490065","reg":"EC 3.1.1.4"},{"n":"Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent","ui":"D054512","reg":"EC 3.1.1.4"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.oncotarget.com/article/7694/pdf/","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cb8bdc46e8fc9a1b8fcb939f01b88bef7ca62f68","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GOLD","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"The prognosis of metastatic osteosarcoma is dismal and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease progression is essential to improve treatment options and patient outcomes. We previously demonstrated Pla2g16 overexpression in mouse osteosarcoma contributes to metastasis phenotypes and increased expression of PLA2G16 is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in human tumors. To further examine the mechanisms through which PLA2G16 contributes to human osteosarcoma metastasis and explore the potential of PLA2G16 as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma, we generated a panel of human osteosarcoma cell lines expressing different levels of PLA2G16. The functional analyses of these cell lines demonstrated high levels of PLA2G16 expression increased osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion, clonogenic survival, and anchorage-independent colony formation. Importantly, this activity was dependent on the phospholipase activity of PLA2G16. Additionally, PLA2G16 overexpression decreased the sensitivity of cells to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents. Analysis of downstream pathways revealed the pro-metastasis functions of PLA2G16 were mediated through the MAPK pathway, as knockdown of PLA2G16 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and pharmacological inhibition of MEK significantly repressed PLA2G16 mediated cell migration and clonogenic survival. Furthermore, PLA2G16 overexpression promoted xenograft tumor growth in vivo, and these tumors exhibit increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Lastly, the expression of PLA2G16 is strongly correlated with the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human osteosarcoma samples, and the combined lesions are associated with reduced overall and metastasis-free survival. Collectively, these results demonstrate increased PLA2G16 expression activates the MAPK pathway to enhance osteosarcoma metastasis and may be a novel therapeutic target for these cancers.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_d3c60baf362e8560fca738ac03a6f7f6","status":"active","text":"Human osteosarcoma cell lines expressing higher levels of PLA2G16 showed increased migration, invasion, clonogenic survival, and anchorage-independent colony formation.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":35,"public_id":"b2adb6bfad","public_label":"Anonymous (b2adb6bfad)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/b2adb6bfad"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous 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expression with increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human osteosarcoma samples was associated with reduced overall and metastasis-free survival.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":35,"public_id":"b2adb6bfad","public_label":"Anonymous (b2adb6bfad)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/b2adb6bfad"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f881679f19766a11d47a21c7af73aef4"},{"public_id":"cl_b9d70886caaa12b2467845864a286968","status":"active","text":"PLA2G16 promoted osteosarcoma metastasis functions through the MAPK pathway, with PLA2G16 knockdown decreasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MEK inhibition repressing migration and clonogenic 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