{"corpus_id":21134396,"paper_sha":"f0757aa568a76a9b989029952aa0dc7d20c7a20c","doi":"10.3109/10409238.2014.953628","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":25286183,"pmcid":"4266039","mag_id":2087644906,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives","year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-06","venue":"Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology","journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","pages":"439 - 462","volume":"49"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine","Chemistry"],"reference_count":235,"citation_count":484,"influential_citation_count":21,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Biosynthetic Pathways","mj":false,"ui":"D053898"},{"d":"Drug Discovery","mj":false,"ui":"D055808"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"Plant Development","mj":false,"ui":"D063245"},{"d":"Plants","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"chemistry","mj":false,"ui":"Q000737"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D010944"},{"d":"Saponins","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"analysis","mj":false,"ui":"Q000032"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D012503"},{"d":"Triterpenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"analysis","mj":false,"ui":"Q000032"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D014315"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Saponins","ui":"D012503","reg":"0"},{"n":"Triterpenes","ui":"D014315","reg":"0"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Abstract Saponins are widely distributed plant natural products with vast structural and functional diversity. They are typically composed of a hydrophobic aglycone, which is extensively decorated with functional groups prior to the addition of hydrophilic sugar moieties, to result in surface-active amphipathic compounds. The saponins are broadly classified as triterpenoids, steroids or steroidal glycoalkaloids, based on the aglycone structure from which they are derived. The saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates display a variety of biological activities of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors. Although their relevance in industrial applications has long been recognized, their role in plants is underexplored. Recent research on modulating native pathway flux in saponin biosynthesis has demonstrated the roles of saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates in plant growth and development. Here, we review the literature on the effects of these molecules on plant physiology, which collectively implicate them in plant primary processes. The industrial uses and potential of saponins are discussed with respect to structure and activity, highlighting the undoubted value of these molecules as therapeutics.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_6e8da09bfbc336d8af2220a00dfb8c27","status":"active","text":"Recent research on modulating native pathway flux in saponin biosynthesis has linked saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates to plant growth and development.","confidence":0.91,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_6e8da09bfbc336d8af2220a00dfb8c27"},{"public_id":"cl_73a476f7d0855cd5a8b6cb0c86fc56bb","status":"active","text":"Saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates display diverse biological activities relevant to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_73a476f7d0855cd5a8b6cb0c86fc56bb"},{"public_id":"cl_8638bee0dc4ba9b5448d762753598028","status":"active","text":"Saponins have substantial industrial potential as therapeutics, with their uses and activity shaped by structure.","confidence":0.88,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8638bee0dc4ba9b5448d762753598028"},{"public_id":"cl_9362b8f7915137e74220b2ab02858cf3","status":"active","text":"The reviewed literature implicates saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates in plant primary processes.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9362b8f7915137e74220b2ab02858cf3"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_152c234bad6c92b5b888094034c836eb","status":"active","name":"plant growth and development","description":"The processes of vegetative and developmental progression in plants discussed in relation to saponin pathway modulation.","types":["biological process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_152c234bad6c92b5b888094034c836eb"},{"public_id":"co_2057f4129c300532245fc922f1a645d9","status":"active","name":"structure and activity","description":"The relationship between molecular structure and observed biological or industrial activity.","types":["structure-activity relationship"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_2057f4129c300532245fc922f1a645d9"},{"public_id":"co_3e9a863cc2e790e5c8d0dc364dec5406","status":"active","name":"aglycone","description":"The non-sugar hydrophobic core of a saponin that serves as the scaffold for further decoration.","types":["chemical moiety"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3e9a863cc2e790e5c8d0dc364dec5406"},{"public_id":"co_4c430151314ab1c7d221030c7675f2d7","status":"active","name":"biosynthetic intermediates","description":"Molecules formed during the pathway that produces saponins before the final products are completed.","types":["metabolic intermediate"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4c430151314ab1c7d221030c7675f2d7"},{"public_id":"co_52c0bf982fcd99f7cfd5361e3feceb25","status":"active","name":"saponin biosynthesis","description":"The metabolic pathway by which plants produce saponins.","types":["biosynthetic pathway"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_52c0bf982fcd99f7cfd5361e3feceb25"},{"public_id":"co_5314234ad9f707a20ce94a00693df545","status":"active","name":"steroidal glycoalkaloids","description":"Glycoalkaloid compounds with steroidal aglycones that are included among saponin-related classes in the review.","types":["chemical class"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5314234ad9f707a20ce94a00693df545"},{"public_id":"co_5416d2fc850a255e415ce714fd24aa9c","status":"active","name":"hydrophilic sugar moieties","description":"Sugar groups appended to saponin aglycones that contribute to amphipathic character.","types":["chemical moiety"],"aliases":["sugar moieties"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5416d2fc850a255e415ce714fd24aa9c"},{"public_id":"co_72e2261bb1e52a6f7703fe0b07d3537a","status":"active","name":"biological activities","description":"The range of bioactive effects attributed to saponins and related intermediates in the reviewed literature.","types":["property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_72e2261bb1e52a6f7703fe0b07d3537a"},{"public_id":"co_aea4b4cb71498b64ae319aec1990fc19","status":"active","name":"semi-synthetic derivatives","description":"Chemically modified compounds derived from natural saponin structures.","types":["compound derivative"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_aea4b4cb71498b64ae319aec1990fc19"},{"public_id":"co_c42d328d22486ca0666561323f997c19","status":"active","name":"therapeutics","description":"Medicinal uses or candidate drug applications of saponin-based compounds.","types":["application"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c42d328d22486ca0666561323f997c19"},{"public_id":"co_d49c7d118e4948b340a66e63852d886a","status":"active","name":"native pathway flux","description":"The throughput of the endogenous biosynthetic pathway producing saponins in plants.","types":["pathway property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d49c7d118e4948b340a66e63852d886a"},{"public_id":"co_e0eb541389cca8e596e0314c33f9fde8","status":"active","name":"plant primary processes","description":"Core physiological processes in plants that the reviewed literature links to saponins and their intermediates.","types":["biological process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e0eb541389cca8e596e0314c33f9fde8"},{"public_id":"co_ee4d92dfff13e5f6d893895e3e4a3f07","status":"active","name":"triterpenoids","description":"A class of saponins derived from triterpene aglycones.","types":["chemical class"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ee4d92dfff13e5f6d893895e3e4a3f07"},{"public_id":"co_f35a5b100ffdde0ca1092fda7011a943","status":"active","name":"saponins","description":"Plant natural products with a hydrophobic aglycone and hydrophilic sugar moieties that make them amphipathic and surface-active.","types":["natural product"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f35a5b100ffdde0ca1092fda7011a943"},{"public_id":"co_f538961c7154d6cb3f3d7c3d72ca860f","status":"active","name":"steroids","description":"A class of saponins derived from steroid aglycones.","types":["chemical class"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f538961c7154d6cb3f3d7c3d72ca860f"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.3109/10409238.2014.953628","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":25286183,"PubMedCentral":"4266039","MAG":2087644906,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/21134396","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":635248,"paper_uid":"b6e31025-673c-4605-8788-af0db1d224f5","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":635248,"paper_uid":"b6e31025-673c-4605-8788-af0db1d224f5","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/21134396"}