{"corpus_id":222387873,"paper_sha":"9c6f2621e934f6385034eb3099f82c39aa3b1f24","doi":"10.3189/S002214300001354X","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":130258813,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Water Flow in Glaciers: Jökulhlaups, Tunnels and Veins","year":1976,"publication_date":null,"venue":"Journal of Glaciology","journal":{"name":"Journal of Glaciology","pages":"181 - 207","volume":"17"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Geology","Physics","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":25,"citation_count":549,"influential_citation_count":69,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9FA465BCBD9E3C44737F1C734E868BC4/S002214300001354Xa.pdf/div-class-title-water-flow-in-glaciers-jokulhlaups-tunnels-and-veins-div.pdf","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9c6f2621e934f6385034eb3099f82c39aa3b1f24","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"BRONZE","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Abstract The physics of water flow within and under glacier ice is examined with special reference to the periodic catastrophic outbursts of water (jökulhlaups) from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull, Iceland. The lake is sealed until it reaches a critical level which enables it to lift the glacier, helped by a hydrostatic cantilever effect. The differential equations for non-steady water flow in a subglacial tunnel are derived and applied to the 1972 Grímsvötn outburst. The discharge: time relation observed during the growth stage, and the abrupt ending of the flood, are both very well accounted for by a theory which is insensitive to the details of the subglacial tunnel system. The steady state, in which an intergranular vein or tunnel is simultaneously melted open by frictional heat and closed by plastic deformation, may be stable or unstable according to the conditions imposed at the ends. This explains why the flow of water in a vein does not normally increase unstably as in a jökulhlaup. An ice-dammed lake does not drain away through the vein system because the driving force on the vein-water is towards the lake rather than away from it.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_35f192aadd31904d8a64d42c4bde0bb6","status":"active","text":"An ice-dammed lake does not drain away through the vein system because the driving force on the vein water is directed towards the lake rather than away from it.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_35f192aadd31904d8a64d42c4bde0bb6"},{"public_id":"cl_ba2bc01d0ddc66ef5c9e5bfae2eb06ed","status":"active","text":"Differential equations for non-steady water flow in a subglacial tunnel are derived and applied to the 1972 Grímsvötn outburst.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_ba2bc01d0ddc66ef5c9e5bfae2eb06ed"},{"public_id":"cl_814c54f49aa38abcae10c2cdbc105b1d","status":"active","text":"The discharge-time relation observed during the growth stage of the 1972 Grímsvötn outburst, and the abrupt ending of the flood, are well accounted for by a theory that is insensitive to the details of the subglacial tunnel system.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_814c54f49aa38abcae10c2cdbc105b1d"},{"public_id":"cl_9b0e1bdb78122b7f7683a22deb1b1241","status":"active","text":"The steady state of an intergranular vein, simultaneously melted open by frictional heat and closed by plastic deformation, may be stable or unstable depending on the conditions imposed at its ends, explaining why water flow in a vein does not normally increase unstably as in a jökulhlaup.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9b0e1bdb78122b7f7683a22deb1b1241"},{"public_id":"cl_e544240935b9b3d442623e3f82092344","status":"active","text":"The subglacial lake Grímsvötn remains sealed until it reaches a critical level that enables it to lift the overlying glacier, aided by a hydrostatic cantilever effect.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_e544240935b9b3d442623e3f82092344"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_0d4241b2ca8f14b46d769a62fea19812","status":"active","name":"non-steady water flow","description":"Time-varying water flow through a subglacial tunnel that is modeled with derived differential equations.","types":["theoretical concept","physical process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0d4241b2ca8f14b46d769a62fea19812"},{"public_id":"co_1bf971e67fb2134218472dea187a9514","status":"active","name":"intergranular vein","description":"A water-filled channel between ice grains that can be melted open by frictional heat and closed by plastic deformation.","types":["physical structure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_1bf971e67fb2134218472dea187a9514"},{"public_id":"co_5e8c8e6e058e7a232b0002a8873fabf5","status":"active","name":"subglacial tunnel","description":"A drainage channel beneath a glacier through which meltwater flows and which is subject to melting and closure processes.","types":["physical structure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5e8c8e6e058e7a232b0002a8873fabf5"},{"public_id":"co_68ff82bd2263d0b0a68ed898b0ab9fc6","status":"active","name":"jökulhlaups","description":"Periodic catastrophic outburst floods of water released from a subglacial lake.","types":["phenomenon"],"aliases":["catastrophic outbursts of water"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_68ff82bd2263d0b0a68ed898b0ab9fc6"},{"public_id":"co_6c3677c5d13d69521465cccd021bea25","status":"active","name":"hydrostatic cantilever effect","description":"A mechanical effect that helps lift the overlying glacier ice once the subglacial lake reaches a critical water level.","types":["mechanism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_6c3677c5d13d69521465cccd021bea25"},{"public_id":"co_76933da71a46f878a3a91df2fbf0952e","status":"active","name":"subglacial lake Grímsvötn","description":"A subglacial lake beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland that periodically releases jökulhlaups.","types":["location","subglacial lake"],"aliases":["Grímsvötn"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_76933da71a46f878a3a91df2fbf0952e"},{"public_id":"co_c4180e90acfee4db84a0f7aaa0cabea3","status":"active","name":"discharge-time relation","description":"The relationship between water discharge rate and time during the growth stage and ending of a jökulhlaup.","types":["measurement","relation"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c4180e90acfee4db84a0f7aaa0cabea3"},{"public_id":"co_cbb92cb7c698fc9ae428c2ce8dc8e9a8","status":"active","name":"1972 Grímsvötn outburst","description":"The specific 1972 jökulhlaup event from Grímsvötn used to test the derived flow equations.","types":["event"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_cbb92cb7c698fc9ae428c2ce8dc8e9a8"},{"public_id":"co_d01fe3d0b716657872e5698dddc205b8","status":"active","name":"Vatnajökull","description":"The Icelandic ice cap beneath which the Grímsvötn subglacial lake is situated.","types":["location","glacier"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d01fe3d0b716657872e5698dddc205b8"},{"public_id":"co_d0fe02278cf8af403c039cea94529c46","status":"active","name":"plastic deformation","description":"The gradual, non-elastic deformation of glacier ice that acts to close veins and tunnels.","types":["mechanism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d0fe02278cf8af403c039cea94529c46"},{"public_id":"co_d32f86f5fd5b88503e89b6ef652691a4","status":"active","name":"frictional heat","description":"Heat generated by the friction of flowing water that melts open veins and tunnels in glacier ice.","types":["mechanism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d32f86f5fd5b88503e89b6ef652691a4"},{"public_id":"co_f5ce316bd0b46c3b313b8383ce43e2e8","status":"active","name":"ice-dammed lake","description":"A lake held back by a glacier ice dam, discussed here with respect to its stability against drainage through the vein system.","types":["physical structure","phenomenon"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f5ce316bd0b46c3b313b8383ce43e2e8"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.3189/S002214300001354X","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":130258813,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9FA465BCBD9E3C44737F1C734E868BC4/S002214300001354Xa.pdf/div-class-title-water-flow-in-glaciers-jokulhlaups-tunnels-and-veins-div.pdf","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9c6f2621e934f6385034eb3099f82c39aa3b1f24","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":null,"status":"BRONZE","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":631212,"paper_uid":"db7d109b-d1d4-433a-916a-fd93bb0ef79e","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631212,"paper_uid":"db7d109b-d1d4-433a-916a-fd93bb0ef79e","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/222387873"}