{"corpus_id":227077069,"paper_sha":"6bcb8f9754e9e9f79d3e6498f5114a76464deac8","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-21195-3","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":33574256,"pmcid":"7878806","mag_id":3101571967,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Production of germ-free mosquitoes via transient colonisation allows stage-specific investigation of host–microbiota interactions","year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-31","venue":"Nature Communications","journal":{"name":"Nature Communications","pages":null,"volume":"12"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":56,"citation_count":63,"influential_citation_count":2,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Aedes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"growth & development","mj":false,"ui":"Q000254"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D000330"},{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Bacteria","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"classification","mj":false,"ui":"Q000145"},{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"growth & development","mj":false,"ui":"Q000254"}],"ui":"D001419"},{"d":"Folic Acid","mj":false,"ui":"D005492"},{"d":"Food, Fortified","mj":false,"ui":"D005527"},{"d":"Gastrointestinal Tract","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"microbiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D041981"},{"d":"Gene Expression Regulation","mj":false,"ui":"D005786"},{"d":"Germ-Free Life","mj":false,"ui":"D005856"},{"d":"Host Microbial Interactions","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"physiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D000076662"},{"d":"Larva","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"growth & development","mj":false,"ui":"Q000254"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D007814"},{"d":"Lipid Metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"D050356"},{"d":"Microbiota","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"physiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D064307"},{"d":"Mosquito Vectors","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"growth & development","mj":false,"ui":"Q000254"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D000072138"},{"d":"RNA, Ribosomal, 16S","mj":false,"ui":"D012336"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"RNA, Ribosomal, 16S","ui":"D012336","reg":"0"},{"n":"Folic Acid","ui":"D005492","reg":"935E97BOY8"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21195-3.pdf","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6bcb8f9754e9e9f79d3e6498f5114a76464deac8","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GOLD","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"The mosquito microbiota impacts the physiology of its host and is essential for normal larval development, thereby influencing transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Germ-free mosquitoes generated with current methods show larval stunting and developmental deficits. Therefore, functional studies of the mosquito microbiota have so far mostly been limited to antibiotic treatments of emerging adults. In this study, we introduce a method to produce germ-free Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It is based on reversible colonisation with bacteria genetically modified to allow complete decolonisation at any developmental stage. We show that, unlike germ-free mosquitoes previously produced using sterile diets, reversibly colonised mosquitoes show no developmental retardation and reach the same size as control adults. This allows us to uncouple the study of the microbiota in larvae and adults. In adults, we detect no impact of bacterial colonisation on mosquito fecundity or longevity. In larvae, data from our transcriptome analysis and diet supplementation experiments following decolonisation suggest that bacteria support larval development by contributing to folate biosynthesis and by enhancing energy storage. Our study establishes a tool to study the microbiota in insects and deepens our knowledge on the metabolic contribution of bacteria to mosquito development. Germ-free mosquitoes generated with current methods exhibit developmental deficits. Here, the authors use genetically modified bacteria to allow complete decolonisation at any developmental stage of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and show that bacteria support larval development by contributing to folate biosynthesis and enhancing energy storage.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_585edb7389d0d5f16915fb8577b8ce2c","status":"active","text":"Bacterial colonisation has no detected impact on mosquito fecundity or longevity in adults.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_585edb7389d0d5f16915fb8577b8ce2c"},{"public_id":"cl_f88db4e0909be1b43450c02a0922e419","status":"active","text":"Reversible colonisation with genetically modified bacteria produces germ-free Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that show no developmental retardation and reach the same adult size as controls, unlike germ-free mosquitoes produced using sterile diets.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f88db4e0909be1b43450c02a0922e419"},{"public_id":"cl_d44ca1a5b9d1259e83f822171d547325","status":"active","text":"Transcriptome analysis and diet supplementation experiments following decolonisation indicate bacteria support larval development by contributing to folate biosynthesis and enhancing energy storage.","confidence":0.88,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_d44ca1a5b9d1259e83f822171d547325"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_1766c6383defeb45f9dc857cc90f1a25","status":"active","name":"genetically modified bacteria","description":"Bacteria engineered to allow complete decolonisation of the mosquito host at any chosen developmental stage.","types":["biological tool"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_1766c6383defeb45f9dc857cc90f1a25"},{"public_id":"co_2a4ebb06172a95a039a0e444cac77278","status":"active","name":"larval development","description":"The developmental process in mosquito larvae that is supported by bacterial colonisation and studied following decolonisation.","types":["biological process"],"aliases":["mosquito larval development"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_2a4ebb06172a95a039a0e444cac77278"},{"public_id":"co_3e03291ec971da0713cd2d361794da3c","status":"active","name":"mosquito fecundity","description":"The reproductive output of adult mosquitoes, measured to assess the impact of bacterial colonisation.","types":["outcome measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3e03291ec971da0713cd2d361794da3c"},{"public_id":"co_5094fa720c417753df59f792b848d04c","status":"active","name":"vector-borne pathogens","description":"Disease-causing organisms transmitted by mosquitoes whose transmission is influenced by mosquito microbiota and development.","types":["biological entity"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5094fa720c417753df59f792b848d04c"},{"public_id":"co_5726a3ea6ae89ad14b3f998207926f89","status":"active","name":"germ-free mosquitoes","description":"Mosquitoes raised without any microbial colonisation, used here as an experimental model to study host-microbiota interactions.","types":["experimental model"],"aliases":["axenic mosquitoes"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5726a3ea6ae89ad14b3f998207926f89"},{"public_id":"co_a0a337b23e79ee73e9ae6e74982e49e9","status":"active","name":"folate biosynthesis","description":"A metabolic pathway through which bacteria contribute nutrients supporting mosquito larval development.","types":["metabolic pathway"],"aliases":["folate production"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a0a337b23e79ee73e9ae6e74982e49e9"},{"public_id":"co_b66227d0edb9266a86dcabc6f0f2806d","status":"active","name":"transcriptome analysis","description":"Gene expression profiling used here to investigate the molecular effects of decolonisation on mosquito larvae.","types":["method"],"aliases":["transcriptomics"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b66227d0edb9266a86dcabc6f0f2806d"},{"public_id":"co_c1119586170d8a832ec0ad7725f3a757","status":"active","name":"Aedes aegypti","description":"The mosquito species used in this study as the host organism for microbiota investigation.","types":["organism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c1119586170d8a832ec0ad7725f3a757"},{"public_id":"co_c4796bc86a395f006a1f186c8b0ed088","status":"active","name":"energy storage","description":"A metabolic parameter in larvae that is enhanced by bacterial colonisation, identified as a contribution of the microbiota.","types":["metabolic outcome"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c4796bc86a395f006a1f186c8b0ed088"},{"public_id":"co_dc4118f4613aeaa9022e94d70f1bcff7","status":"active","name":"mosquito longevity","description":"The lifespan of adult mosquitoes, measured as an outcome of bacterial colonisation status.","types":["outcome measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_dc4118f4613aeaa9022e94d70f1bcff7"},{"public_id":"co_ec603581fa2f54e14e264bea0957a801","status":"active","name":"mosquito microbiota","description":"The bacterial community associated with mosquitoes that influences host physiology and larval development.","types":["biological community"],"aliases":["mosquito microbiome"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ec603581fa2f54e14e264bea0957a801"},{"public_id":"co_f9b4fb75284a6799c7a13637dd8340b6","status":"active","name":"reversible colonisation","description":"A method of temporarily colonising mosquitoes with bacteria that can be completely removed at any developmental stage.","types":["method"],"aliases":["transient colonisation"],"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f9b4fb75284a6799c7a13637dd8340b6"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-021-21195-3","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":33574256,"PubMedCentral":"7878806","MAG":3101571967,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21195-3.pdf","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6bcb8f9754e9e9f79d3e6498f5114a76464deac8","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"CCBY","status":"GOLD","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":630832,"paper_uid":"d2934733-3cee-4c96-a82d-b523208c87a4","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":630832,"paper_uid":"d2934733-3cee-4c96-a82d-b523208c87a4","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/227077069"}