{"corpus_id":234357534,"paper_sha":"bec7fb6f7231641a96e4440dfd9c217fd9b57822","doi":null,"arxiv_id":"2105.05232","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":null,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Benchmarking near-term quantum computers via random circuit sampling","year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-11","venue":"","journal":null,"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Physics","Computer Science"],"reference_count":92,"citation_count":46,"influential_citation_count":3,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":["quant-ph"],"arxiv_license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"The increasing scale of near-term quantum hardware motivates the need for efficient noise characterization methods, since qubit and gate level techniques cannot capture crosstalk and correlated noise in many qubit systems. While scalable approaches, such as cycle benchmarking, are known for special classes of quantum circuits, the characterization of noise in general circuits with non-Clifford gates has been an unreachable task. We develop an algorithm that can sample-efficiently estimate the total amount of noise induced by a layer of arbitrary non-Clifford gates, including all crosstalks, and experimentally demonstrate the method on IBM Quantum hardware. Our algorithm is inspired by Google's quantum supremacy experiment and is based on random circuit sampling. In their paper, Google observed that their experimental linear cross entropy was consistent with a simple uncorrelated noise model, and claimed this coincidence indicated that the noise in their device was uncorrelated -- a key step in hardware development towards fault tolerance. As an application, we show that our result provides formal evidence to support such a conclusion.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_2295f04503776f98ef19e2706f820c4b","status":"active","text":"The algorithm can sample-efficiently estimate the total amount of noise induced by a layer of arbitrary non-Clifford gates, including all crosstalks.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_2295f04503776f98ef19e2706f820c4b"},{"public_id":"cl_ea4ede8e8c2517c9433b4ca681cd9be3","status":"active","text":"The algorithm is inspired by Google's quantum supremacy experiment and is based on random circuit sampling.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_ea4ede8e8c2517c9433b4ca681cd9be3"},{"public_id":"cl_0abba9919e8bdda7593ec1fa34565651","status":"active","text":"The method is experimentally demonstrated on IBM Quantum hardware.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_0abba9919e8bdda7593ec1fa34565651"},{"public_id":"cl_9e0e45a0ab911d0ba937990906860ef6","status":"active","text":"The result provides formal evidence to support the conclusion that noise in Google's device was uncorrelated.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9e0e45a0ab911d0ba937990906860ef6"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_305f896e56949623180533fde17d11e9","status":"active","name":"algorithm","description":"A method that sample-efficiently estimates the total noise induced by a layer of arbitrary non-Clifford gates, including crosstalks.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_305f896e56949623180533fde17d11e9"},{"public_id":"co_33c5dd1636af22a0c98d8e0240acf8bf","status":"active","name":"Google's quantum supremacy experiment","description":"The prior experiment by Google that observed linear cross entropy consistent with an uncorrelated noise model, which this work builds upon.","types":["prior work"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_33c5dd1636af22a0c98d8e0240acf8bf"},{"public_id":"co_5e061a96ffe352e105a89d5f5b0f1481","status":"active","name":"non-Clifford gates","description":"Quantum gates that are not Clifford gates, used in general circuits for noise characterization.","types":["gate type"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5e061a96ffe352e105a89d5f5b0f1481"},{"public_id":"co_65886f1953779bd5f42e870f1adb9bf8","status":"active","name":"IBM Quantum hardware","description":"The experimental platform used to demonstrate the noise estimation algorithm.","types":["hardware"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_65886f1953779bd5f42e870f1adb9bf8"},{"public_id":"co_bc8623b4164395ad51ff593397d5d067","status":"active","name":"crosstalk","description":"Unwanted interactions between qubits that contribute to noise in multi-qubit systems.","types":["noise source"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_bc8623b4164395ad51ff593397d5d067"},{"public_id":"co_f43c076ae0531bb0c41ae7a06dbab8e2","status":"active","name":"random circuit sampling","description":"A technique based on sampling random quantum circuits, inspired by Google's supremacy experiment, used here for noise estimation.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f43c076ae0531bb0c41ae7a06dbab8e2"},{"public_id":"co_f731f377324c1a59578565063cffeac2","status":"active","name":"uncorrelated noise model","description":"A simple noise model assuming independent errors per qubit, which Google's experimental data matched and which this work provides formal evidence for.","types":["model"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f731f377324c1a59578565063cffeac2"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":null,"ArXiv":"2105.05232","PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":null,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05232","landing_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05232","source":"arxiv","pdf_url_source":"derived_arxiv","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":true,"full_text_source":"arxiv","count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":634385,"paper_uid":"9b086874-58cd-4fb8-b0fc-ba47c9b52de1","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":634385,"paper_uid":"9b086874-58cd-4fb8-b0fc-ba47c9b52de1","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/234357534"}