{"corpus_id":23836591,"paper_sha":"55118d27bf3bdc13d30e0b9305b40730a2e970ec","doi":"10.1177/0971097320050212","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2155224786,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Microbial Forensics: A New Forensic Discipline","year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-01","venue":"Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine","journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine","pages":"112 - 116","volume":"27"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Law","Engineering","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":10,"citation_count":4,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"In microbial forensics, researchers work to track down the source of a microbe, whether in a criminal investigation of bioterrorism attacks or a study of naturally occurring disease outbreak. It is interplay of classical microbiology, microbial genomics, phylogenetics and bioinformatics. Although microbes have been used as weapons for centuries, the anthrax letter attacks of 2001 generated great terror in the public and revealed the need to establish \"attribution.\" The benefit is that it might deter at least some potential terrorists and also help in tracing natural outbreaks of disease. Microbial forensic data must hold up not only to the scrutiny of scientists in the health care community, but also to the scrutiny of judges and juries and national policy and decision makers. It poses a great challenge to develop newer techniques as the present techniques like gene sequencing, hybridization, microarray, spectrophotometry, PCR etc. are inadequate. A national microbial forensics plan needs to be developed.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_51db5e80455861262cbee0da4405beba","status":"active","text":"A national microbial forensics plan is needed.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_51db5e80455861262cbee0da4405beba"},{"public_id":"cl_85e26d44235b57983d837a6683c623ce","status":"active","text":"Anthrax letter attacks of 2001 highlighted the need for attribution in microbial investigations.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_85e26d44235b57983d837a6683c623ce"},{"public_id":"cl_de166a6823c6cfa02e34c59eb619ec92","status":"active","text":"Current techniques such as gene sequencing, hybridization, microarray, spectrophotometry, and PCR are considered inadequate for microbial forensics.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_de166a6823c6cfa02e34c59eb619ec92"},{"public_id":"cl_25552046bb50c472a39b6d1f20101e09","status":"active","text":"Microbial forensics focuses on attributing the source of a microbe in both bioterrorism investigations and naturally occurring disease outbreaks.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_25552046bb50c472a39b6d1f20101e09"},{"public_id":"cl_e1928dae07d4a79a6fdd9f691030ae9a","status":"active","text":"Microbial forensics integrates classical microbiology, microbial genomics, phylogenetics, and bioinformatics.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_e1928dae07d4a79a6fdd9f691030ae9a"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_08b4fbf1adb5f044212c4924eabc6081","status":"active","name":"anthrax letter attacks of 2001","description":"The 2001 anthrax mail attacks cited as a catalyst for interest in microbial attribution.","types":["event"],"aliases":["2001 anthrax attacks"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_08b4fbf1adb5f044212c4924eabc6081"},{"public_id":"co_12ba7c3a8465e5c39c0b47abe044c2ba","status":"active","name":"classical microbiology","description":"Traditional microbiological methods for studying microorganisms.","types":["field"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_12ba7c3a8465e5c39c0b47abe044c2ba"},{"public_id":"co_376e2b84e1d9f33459bf13c2a6edaf59","status":"active","name":"PCR","description":"Polymerase chain reaction, a method for amplifying specific DNA sequences.","types":["method"],"aliases":["polymerase chain reaction"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_376e2b84e1d9f33459bf13c2a6edaf59"},{"public_id":"co_4495df9e3d40e2251b2505a147140128","status":"active","name":"national microbial forensics plan","description":"A proposed national-level strategy for organizing microbial forensics capabilities and response.","types":["policy proposal"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4495df9e3d40e2251b2505a147140128"},{"public_id":"co_4a53b75e1e66a5fb33d5b6215be1feb0","status":"active","name":"bioinformatics","description":"The application of computational methods to biological data analysis.","types":["field"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4a53b75e1e66a5fb33d5b6215be1feb0"},{"public_id":"co_5f26753d29015afeace780444254b026","status":"active","name":"naturally occurring disease outbreak","description":"A naturally arising cluster of disease cases in a population.","types":["event"],"aliases":["natural outbreak"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5f26753d29015afeace780444254b026"},{"public_id":"co_6366b8bf57b8f88bdd9bef5aa1bca529","status":"active","name":"microbial genomics","description":"The study of microbial genomes and their genetic variation.","types":["field"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_6366b8bf57b8f88bdd9bef5aa1bca529"},{"public_id":"co_86576e33ff7edfec248edbdb21d16d40","status":"active","name":"microarray","description":"A high-throughput assay platform for measuring many nucleic acid targets at once.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_86576e33ff7edfec248edbdb21d16d40"},{"public_id":"co_8b1510a93f623efd8b9d799254c21b76","status":"active","name":"bioterrorism attacks","description":"Deliberate attacks that use microorganisms or toxins as weapons.","types":["event"],"aliases":["bioterrorism"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_8b1510a93f623efd8b9d799254c21b76"},{"public_id":"co_91a133bbd43d98be46393f28793d8184","status":"active","name":"phylogenetics","description":"The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms based on genetic or other data.","types":["field"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_91a133bbd43d98be46393f28793d8184"},{"public_id":"co_a6673825dd8099a96539cbdf6d068085","status":"active","name":"attribution","description":"The process of linking a biological sample or agent to its source.","types":["forensic concept"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a6673825dd8099a96539cbdf6d068085"},{"public_id":"co_b865fc3f90cb8068560890f677d45978","status":"active","name":"spectrophotometry","description":"An analytical technique that measures how a sample absorbs or transmits light.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b865fc3f90cb8068560890f677d45978"},{"public_id":"co_bd1b79a75f9244b23bc9c99b2b3556ac","status":"active","name":"microbial forensics","description":"A forensic discipline that identifies and traces the source of microbes in investigative settings.","types":["discipline"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_bd1b79a75f9244b23bc9c99b2b3556ac"},{"public_id":"co_d790a87a9353a4548752035586136a92","status":"active","name":"gene sequencing","description":"A method for determining the nucleotide order of DNA or RNA molecules.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d790a87a9353a4548752035586136a92"},{"public_id":"co_e3e4341d6e3865f18cfecb564356ca26","status":"active","name":"hybridization","description":"A molecular technique that detects complementary nucleic acid sequences by binding.","types":["method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e3e4341d6e3865f18cfecb564356ca26"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1177/0971097320050212","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2155224786,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/23836591","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":631113,"paper_uid":"415f94a8-785f-4b57-b8c6-7b15ab15b893","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631113,"paper_uid":"415f94a8-785f-4b57-b8c6-7b15ab15b893","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/23836591"}