{"corpus_id":251680216,"paper_sha":"1ab3883bd1f4e4e1d66c10fe536e12b142ea3d6e","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158050","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":35985594,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":null,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Animal farms are hot spots for airborne antimicrobial resistance.","year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-01","venue":"Science of the Total Environment","journal":{"name":"The Science of the total environment","pages":"\n          158050\n        ","volume":null},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Medicine","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":0,"citation_count":50,"influential_citation_count":1,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D000900"},{"d":"Bacteria","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"}],"ui":"D001419"},{"d":"Cattle","mj":false,"ui":"D002417"},{"d":"Drinking Water","mj":true,"ui":"D060766"},{"d":"Drug Resistance, Bacterial","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"}],"ui":"D024881"},{"d":"Farms","mj":false,"ui":"D000072480"},{"d":"Genes, Bacterial","mj":false,"ui":"D005798"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","mj":true,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":false,"ui":"Q000235"}],"ui":"D055624"},{"d":"Particulate Matter","mj":false,"ui":"D052638"},{"d":"Swine","mj":false,"ui":"D013552"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","ui":"D000900","reg":"0"},{"n":"Drinking Water","ui":"D060766","reg":"0"},{"n":"Particulate Matter","ui":"D052638","reg":"0"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Animal farms are known reservoirs for environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, knowledge of AMR burden in the air around animal farms remains disproportionately limited. In this study, we characterized the airborne AMR based on the quantitative information of 30 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), four mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and four human pathogenic bacteria (HPBs) involving four animal species from 20 farms. By comparing these genes with those in animal feces, the distinguishing features of airborne AMR were revealed, which included high enrichment of ARGs and their potential mobility to host HPBs. We found that depending on the antimicrobial class, the mean concentration of airborne ARGs in the animal farms ranged from 102 to 104 copies/m3 and was accompanied by a considerable intensity of MGEs and HPBs (approximately 103 copies/m3). Although significant correlations were observed between the ARGs and bacterial communities of air and fecal samples, the abundance of target genes was generally high in fine inhalable particles (PM2.5), with an enrichment ratio of up to 102 in swine and cattle farms. The potential transferability of airborne ARGs was universally strengthened, embodied by a pronounced co-occurrence of ARGs-MGEs in air compared with that in feces. Exposure analysis showed that animal farmworkers may inhale approximately 104 copies of human pathogenic bacteria-associated genera per day potentially carrying highly transferable ARGs, including multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, PM2.5 inhalation posed higher human daily intake burdens of some ARGs than those associated with drinking water intake. Overall, our findings highlight the severity of animal-related airborne AMR and the subsequent inhalation exposure, thus improving our understanding of the airborne flow of AMR genes from animals to humans. These findings could help develop strategies to mitigate the human exposure and dissemination of ARGs across different media.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_8dd58cbd4b06359d502966adbb87ca26","status":"active","text":"Airborne concentrations of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal farms range from 10^2 to 10^4 copies/m3 depending on antimicrobial class, accompanied by mobile genetic elements and human pathogenic bacteria at approximately 10^3 copies/m3.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8dd58cbd4b06359d502966adbb87ca26"},{"public_id":"cl_96c9d4988c3b8d907ed1fa7c86652811","status":"active","text":"Animal farmworkers may inhale approximately 10^4 copies of human pathogenic bacteria-associated genera per day, potentially carrying highly transferable antimicrobial resistance genes such as those found in multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_96c9d4988c3b8d907ed1fa7c86652811"},{"public_id":"cl_1948857adb266a1f1c4bdb205546d1c1","status":"active","text":"Antimicrobial resistance genes are enriched in PM2.5, with an enrichment ratio of up to 10^2 in swine and cattle farms.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_1948857adb266a1f1c4bdb205546d1c1"},{"public_id":"cl_17031f51e3bbe0e14efa6bdce9b1a62b","status":"active","text":"Co-occurrence of ARGs-MGEs is more pronounced in air than in fecal samples, indicating strengthened potential transferability of airborne antimicrobial resistance genes.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_17031f51e3bbe0e14efa6bdce9b1a62b"},{"public_id":"cl_b419442dc55527019313a017830e329c","status":"active","text":"PM2.5 inhalation poses higher human daily intake burdens of some antimicrobial resistance genes than drinking water intake.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_b419442dc55527019313a017830e329c"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_009571e7ba4244908548c68f9f408d98","status":"active","name":"animal farms","description":"Livestock production sites; 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