{"corpus_id":25232925,"paper_sha":"85e3febb2b8103692f9c2e38c964afb5ecf863a0","doi":"10.1073/PNAS.70.8.2281","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":4151811,"pmcid":"PMC433718","mag_id":2004678494,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection.","year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-08-01","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","pages":"\n          2281-5\n        ","volume":"70 8"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Medicine","Chemistry","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":2,"citation_count":2233,"influential_citation_count":33,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Aflatoxins","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D000348"},{"d":"Aminopyrine","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D000632"},{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Anthracenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D000873"},{"d":"Base Sequence","mj":false,"ui":"D001483"},{"d":"Benzopyrenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D001580"},{"d":"Biological Assay","mj":false,"ui":"D001681"},{"d":"Biphenyl Compounds","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D001713"},{"d":"Carcinogens","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D002273"},{"d":"DNA, Bacterial","mj":false,"ui":"D004269"},{"d":"Fluorenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D005449"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"Male","mj":false,"ui":"D008297"},{"d":"Methylcholanthrene","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D008748"},{"d":"Microsomes, Liver","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"enzymology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000201"}],"ui":"D008862"},{"d":"Mutagens","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D009153"},{"d":"Mutation","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug effects","mj":false,"ui":"Q000187"}],"ui":"D009154"},{"d":"NADP","mj":false,"ui":"D009249"},{"d":"Rats","mj":false,"ui":"D051381"},{"d":"Salmonella typhimurium","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"drug effects","mj":true,"ui":"Q000187"}],"ui":"D012486"},{"d":"Stilbenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"pharmacology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000494"}],"ui":"D013267"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Aflatoxins","ui":"D000348","reg":"0"},{"n":"Anthracenes","ui":"D000873","reg":"0"},{"n":"Benzopyrenes","ui":"D001580","reg":"0"},{"n":"Biphenyl Compounds","ui":"D001713","reg":"0"},{"n":"Carcinogens","ui":"D002273","reg":"0"},{"n":"DNA, Bacterial","ui":"D004269","reg":"0"},{"n":"Fluorenes","ui":"D005449","reg":"0"},{"n":"Mutagens","ui":"D009153","reg":"0"},{"n":"Stilbenes","ui":"D013267","reg":"0"},{"n":"Aminopyrine","ui":"D000632","reg":"01704YP3MO"},{"n":"NADP","ui":"D009249","reg":"53-59-8"},{"n":"Methylcholanthrene","ui":"D008748","reg":"56-49-5"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc433718?pdf=render","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/85e3febb2b8103692f9c2e38c964afb5ecf863a0","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"GREEN","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"18 Carcinogens, including aflatoxin B(1), benzo(a)pyrene, acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, and dimethylamino-trans-stilbene, are shown to be activated by liver homogenates to form potent frameshift mutagens. We believe that these carcinogens have in common a ring system sufficiently planar for a stacking interaction with DNA base pairs and a part of the molecule capable of being metabolized to a reactive group: these structural features are discussed in terms of the theory of frameshift mutagenesis. We propose that these carcinogens, and many others that are mutagens, cause cancer by somatic mutation. A simple, inexpensive, and extremely sensitive test for detection of carcinogens as mutagens is described. It consists of the use of a rat or human liver homogenate for carcinogen activation (thus supplying mammalian metabolism) and a set of Salmonella histidine mutants for mutagen detection. The homogenate, bacteria, and a TPNH-generating system are all incubated together on a petri plate. With the most active compounds, as little as a few nanograms can be detected.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_60dd4589351727f99bfb079279ffb4bc","status":"active","text":"18 carcinogens, including aflatoxin B(1), benzo(a)pyrene, acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, and dimethylamino-trans-stilbene, are activated by liver homogenates to form potent frameshift mutagens.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":171,"public_id":"b9tnx83g25","public_label":"eunsjani (b9tnx83g25)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/b9tnx83g25"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_60dd4589351727f99bfb079279ffb4bc"},{"public_id":"cl_8e4b24dcb14b8f8e03cb19f5ca3d2a4a","status":"active","text":"A simple, inexpensive, and extremely sensitive test system combining a rat or human liver homogenate with Salmonella histidine mutants and a TPNH-generating system on a petri plate detects carcinogen-derived mutagens at levels as low as a few nanograms.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":171,"public_id":"b9tnx83g25","public_label":"eunsjani (b9tnx83g25)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/b9tnx83g25"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8e4b24dcb14b8f8e03cb19f5ca3d2a4a"},{"public_id":"cl_a74616150e9ceb7b78c9164d44759c32","status":"active","text":"Carcinogens active in this system share two structural features: a sufficiently planar ring system enabling DNA base pair stacking and a portion of the molecule metabolizable to a reactive group.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":171,"public_id":"b9tnx83g25","public_label":"eunsjani (b9tnx83g25)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/b9tnx83g25"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_a74616150e9ceb7b78c9164d44759c32"},{"public_id":"cl_3937ff54a558186a763858d617f6e074","status":"active","text":"These carcinogens, and many other mutagens, are proposed to cause cancer by somatic mutation.","confidence":0.88,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK 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