{"corpus_id":25595482,"paper_sha":"06337f3721388a936cac8387a629243f5a942b79","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.007","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":28622978,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2625671288,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"The evolution and nomenclature of GnRH-type and corazonin-type neuropeptide signaling systems.","year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-13","venue":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","pages":"\n          64-77\n        ","volume":"264"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine"],"reference_count":149,"citation_count":94,"influential_citation_count":4,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Amino Acid Sequence","mj":false,"ui":"D000595"},{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Evolution, Molecular","mj":true,"ui":"D019143"},{"d":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":true,"ui":"Q000235"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D007987"},{"d":"Insect Proteins","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":true,"ui":"Q000235"}],"ui":"D019476"},{"d":"Neuropeptides","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"genetics","mj":true,"ui":"Q000235"}],"ui":"D009479"},{"d":"Phylogeny","mj":false,"ui":"D010802"},{"d":"Signal Transduction","mj":true,"ui":"D015398"},{"d":"Terminology as Topic","mj":true,"ui":"D009626"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Insect Proteins","ui":"D019476","reg":"0"},{"n":"Neuropeptides","ui":"D009479","reg":"0"},{"n":"corazonin protein, insect","ui":"C060602","reg":"122984-73-0"},{"n":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","ui":"D007987","reg":"33515-09-2"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was first discovered in mammals on account of its effect in triggering pituitary release of gonadotropins and the importance of this discovery was recognized forty years ago in the award of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Investigation of the evolution of GnRH revealed that GnRH-type signaling systems occur throughout the chordates, including agnathans (e.g. lampreys) and urochordates (e.g. sea squirts). Furthermore, the discovery that adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is the ligand for a GnRH-type receptor in the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster provided evidence of the antiquity of GnRH-type signaling. However, the occurrence of other AKH-like peptides in arthropods, which include corazonin and AKH/corazonin-related peptide (ACP), has complicated efforts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this family of related neuropeptides. Genome/transcriptome sequencing has revealed that both GnRH-type receptors and corazonin-type receptors occur in lophotrochozoan protostomes (annelids, mollusks) and in deuterostomian invertebrates (cephalochordates, hemichordates, echinoderms). Furthermore, peptides that act as ligands for GnRH-type and corazonin-type receptors have been identified in mollusks. However, what has been lacking is experimental evidence that distinct GnRH-type and corazonin-type peptide-receptor signaling pathways occur in deuterostomes. Importantly, we recently reported the identification of two neuropeptides that act as ligands for either a GnRH-type receptor or a corazonin-type receptor in an echinoderm species - the common European starfish Asterias rubens. Discovery of distinct GnRH-type and corazonin-type signaling pathways in this deuterostomian invertebrate has demonstrated for the first time that the evolutionarily origin of these paralogous systems can be traced to the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. Furthermore, lineage-specific losses of corazonin signaling (in vertebrates, urochordates and nematodes) and duplication of the GnRH signaling system in arthropods (giving rise to the AKH and ACP signaling systems) and quadruplication of the GnRH signaling system in vertebrates (followed by lineage-specific losses or duplications) accounts for the phylogenetic distribution of GnRH/corazonin-type peptide-receptor pathways in extant animals. Informed by these new insights, here we review the history of research on the evolution of GnRH/corazonin-type neuropeptide signaling. Furthermore, we propose a standardized nomenclature for GnRH/corazonin-type neuropeptides wherein peptides are either named \"GnRH\" or \"corazonin\", with the exception of the paralogous GnRH-type peptides that have arisen by gene duplication in the arthropod lineage and which are referred to as \"AKH\" (or red pigment concentrating hormone, \"RCPH\", in crustaceans) and \"ACP\".","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_8c5bc8964a8d02f3db5e0c1a8347d5df","status":"active","text":"A standardized nomenclature is proposed in which peptides are named \"GnRH\" or \"corazonin\", except for arthropod paralogs designated \"AKH\", \"RCPH\" in crustaceans, and \"ACP\".","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8c5bc8964a8d02f3db5e0c1a8347d5df"},{"public_id":"cl_02ee2c654c0c7556812cae91202ba63e","status":"active","text":"Distinct GnRH-type and corazonin-type peptide-receptor signaling pathways occur in the common European starfish Asterias rubens.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_02ee2c654c0c7556812cae91202ba63e"},{"public_id":"cl_05a6d09c53cab5fe7917a4691250ffb2","status":"active","text":"Lineage-specific loss of corazonin signaling and duplications of the GnRH signaling system in arthropods and vertebrates explain the phylogenetic distribution of GnRH/corazonin-type peptide-receptor pathways in extant animals.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_05a6d09c53cab5fe7917a4691250ffb2"},{"public_id":"cl_c4cfe2a2718ae43a6824549a83eb86c5","status":"active","text":"The origin of these paralogous signaling systems can be traced to the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_c4cfe2a2718ae43a6824549a83eb86c5"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_37d3744dcd730e06b5a0dbc43ac31e95","status":"active","name":"GnRH-type signaling systems","description":"Neuropeptide signaling systems related to gonadotropin-releasing hormone that are found across multiple animal lineages.","types":["signaling system"],"aliases":["GnRH-type signaling"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_37d3744dcd730e06b5a0dbc43ac31e95"},{"public_id":"co_43a4d97409d3fc6be6fc6c6745e656e5","status":"active","name":"GnRH","description":"The peptide name recommended for most GnRH/corazonin-type neuropeptides under the proposed nomenclature.","types":["peptide"],"aliases":["gonadotropin-releasing hormone"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_43a4d97409d3fc6be6fc6c6745e656e5"},{"public_id":"co_45a921bfed63f5b7477b0402096a3df0","status":"active","name":"corazonin","description":"The peptide name recommended for most corazonin-type neuropeptides under the proposed nomenclature.","types":["peptide"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_45a921bfed63f5b7477b0402096a3df0"},{"public_id":"co_5e292014976b193bcddfc86124231a52","status":"active","name":"protostomes and deuterostomes","description":"The two major bilaterian animal lineages used here to frame the evolutionary origin of these signaling systems.","types":["clade"],"aliases":["protostomes","deuterostomes"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5e292014976b193bcddfc86124231a52"},{"public_id":"co_66361fa8893d3f642082289949fac3ce","status":"active","name":"GnRH-type receptor","description":"A receptor that binds GnRH-type peptides in neuropeptide signaling pathways.","types":["receptor"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_66361fa8893d3f642082289949fac3ce"},{"public_id":"co_89c9ba07b631219521c8ab41f0fbf29b","status":"active","name":"phylogenetic distribution of GnRH/corazonin-type peptide-receptor pathways","description":"The evolutionary pattern of where GnRH-type and corazonin-type peptide-receptor pathways are found across animal taxa.","types":["evolutionary pattern"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_89c9ba07b631219521c8ab41f0fbf29b"},{"public_id":"co_9831eb341a05f65d021770b375e2a472","status":"active","name":"Asterias rubens","description":"The common European starfish used here as an echinoderm example for distinct peptide-receptor pathways.","types":["species"],"aliases":["common European starfish"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9831eb341a05f65d021770b375e2a472"},{"public_id":"co_adad94df0056b81b70543b43f64c69c6","status":"active","name":"corazonin-type receptor","description":"A receptor that binds corazonin-type peptides in neuropeptide signaling pathways.","types":["receptor"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_adad94df0056b81b70543b43f64c69c6"},{"public_id":"co_bfb8ded3e86c95251d85e2044509d43d","status":"active","name":"corazonin-type signaling systems","description":"A related family of neuropeptide signaling systems centered on corazonin-type peptides and receptors.","types":["signaling system"],"aliases":["corazonin signaling"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_bfb8ded3e86c95251d85e2044509d43d"},{"public_id":"co_d783f29534e38a8ed462a2ab163e5bbb","status":"active","name":"corazonin signaling","description":"Signaling mediated by corazonin peptides and their receptors.","types":["signaling pathway"],"aliases":["corazonin"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d783f29534e38a8ed462a2ab163e5bbb"},{"public_id":"co_dc13fb9db89dc2a8f40b78d05b182f86","status":"active","name":"GnRH signaling system","description":"The broader GnRH-related peptide signaling system that includes duplicated paralogs in some animal lineages.","types":["signaling system"],"aliases":["GnRH signaling"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_dc13fb9db89dc2a8f40b78d05b182f86"},{"public_id":"co_f55b522469bce0a5c0aea6edf1398118","status":"active","name":"standardized nomenclature","description":"A proposed naming scheme for GnRH/corazonin-type neuropeptides and their arthropod paralogs.","types":["naming convention"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f55b522469bce0a5c0aea6edf1398118"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.007","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":28622978,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2625671288,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/25595482","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":632046,"paper_uid":"ea0e0792-3b2e-4d7a-bd45-a71a145e7273","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":632046,"paper_uid":"ea0e0792-3b2e-4d7a-bd45-a71a145e7273","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/25595482"}