{"corpus_id":26078106,"paper_sha":"207e60f4cc49cc4caa2831b15b22845c3aef74c1","doi":"10.1021/es504038a","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":25384056,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2052141210,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms.","year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-19","venue":"Environmental Science and Technology","journal":{"name":"Environmental science & technology","pages":"\n          13776-84\n        ","volume":"48 23"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine","Chemistry","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":42,"citation_count":801,"influential_citation_count":31,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Bacillus","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"physiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D001407"},{"d":"Biodegradation, Environmental","mj":false,"ui":"D001673"},{"d":"Biofilms","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"growth & development","mj":true,"ui":"Q000254"}],"ui":"D018441"},{"d":"Enterobacter","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"physiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D004754"},{"d":"Environmental Pollutants","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D004785"},{"d":"Gastrointestinal Tract","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D041981"},{"d":"Larva","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D007814"},{"d":"Moths","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"growth & development","mj":false,"ui":"Q000254"},{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"microbiology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000382"}],"ui":"D009036"},{"d":"Polyethylenes","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D011095"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Environmental Pollutants","ui":"D004785","reg":"0"},{"n":"Polyethylenes","ui":"D011095","reg":"0"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene (PE) has been considered nonbiodegradable for decades. Although the biodegradation of PE by bacterial cultures has been occasionally described, valid evidence of PE biodegradation has remained limited in the literature. We found that waxworms, or Indian mealmoths (the larvae of Plodia interpunctella), were capable of chewing and eating PE films. Two bacterial strains capable of degrading PE were isolated from this worm's gut, Enterobacter asburiae YT1 and Bacillus sp. YP1. Over a 28-day incubation period of the two strains on PE films, viable biofilms formed, and the PE films' hydrophobicity decreased. Obvious damage, including pits and cavities (0.3-0.4 μm in depth), was observed on the surfaces of the PE films using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The formation of carbonyl groups was verified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and microattenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (micro-ATR/FTIR) imaging microscope. Suspension cultures of YT1 and YP1 (10(8) cells/mL) were able to degrade approximately 6.1 ± 0.3% and 10.7 ± 0.2% of the PE films (100 mg), respectively, over a 60-day incubation period. The molecular weights of the residual PE films were lower, and the release of 12 water-soluble daughter products was also detected. The results demonstrated the presence of PE-degrading bacteria in the guts of waxworms and provided promising evidence for the biodegradation of PE in the environment.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_5695f778875b67c2061a30fb3f3fa408","status":"active","text":"Degradation of PE films resulted in lower molecular weights of residual films and release of 12 water-soluble daughter products.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_5695f778875b67c2061a30fb3f3fa408"},{"public_id":"cl_2dfda77055628a8c841d22924fbcdb77","status":"active","text":"Over a 28-day incubation, viable biofilms formed on PE films and the films' hydrophobicity decreased, with pits and cavities (0.3-0.4 μm depth) observed by SEM and AFM.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_2dfda77055628a8c841d22924fbcdb77"},{"public_id":"cl_5753079594284b9f94ef03b343d3b793","status":"active","text":"Suspension cultures of YT1 and YP1 at 10^8 cells/mL degraded approximately 6.1 ± 0.3% and 10.7 ± 0.2% of 100 mg PE films, respectively, over 60 days.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":32,"public_id":"7c402c1b98","public_label":"뀨 (7c402c1b98)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/7c402c1b98"},{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_5753079594284b9f94ef03b343d3b793"},{"public_id":"cl_dd2a246b1dc690341cbd2c2b435ad673","status":"active","text":"Two bacterial strains, Enterobacter asburiae YT1 and Bacillus sp. 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