{"corpus_id":29908541,"paper_sha":"cb991db18ffc3d6c308a4df2a679a2b0254f4333","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV.BIOPHYS.29.1.545","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":10940259,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2155653297,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells.","year":2000,"publication_date":null,"venue":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure","pages":"\n          545-76\n        ","volume":"29"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine"],"reference_count":155,"citation_count":1542,"influential_citation_count":101,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Actin Cytoskeleton","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"chemistry","mj":true,"ui":"Q000737"},{"q":"ultrastructure","mj":false,"ui":"Q000648"}],"ui":"D008841"},{"d":"Adenosine Diphosphate","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D000244"},{"d":"Adenosine Triphosphate","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D000255"},{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Cell Movement","mj":true,"ui":"D002465"},{"d":"Cell Nucleus","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D002467"},{"d":"Cells, Cultured","mj":false,"ui":"D002478"},{"d":"Contractile Proteins","mj":true,"ui":"D003285"},{"d":"Cytoplasm","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D003593"},{"d":"Dendrites","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D003712"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"Hydrolysis","mj":false,"ui":"D006868"},{"d":"Microfilament Proteins","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":false,"ui":"Q000378"}],"ui":"D008840"},{"d":"Models, Biological","mj":false,"ui":"D008954"},{"d":"Profilins","mj":false,"ui":"D051304"},{"d":"Signal Transduction","mj":false,"ui":"D015398"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Contractile Proteins","ui":"D003285","reg":"0"},{"n":"Microfilament Proteins","ui":"D008840","reg":"0"},{"n":"PFN1 protein, human","ui":"C495738","reg":"0"},{"n":"Profilins","ui":"D051304","reg":"0"},{"n":"Adenosine Diphosphate","ui":"D000244","reg":"61D2G4IYVH"},{"n":"Adenosine Triphosphate","ui":"D000255","reg":"8L70Q75FXE"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"We review how motile cells regulate actin filament assembly at their leading edge. Activation of cell surface receptors generates signals (including activated Rho family GTPases) that converge on integrating proteins of the WASp family (WASp, N-WASP, and Scar/WAVE). WASP family proteins stimulate Arp2/3 complex to nucleate actin filaments, which grow at a fixed 70 degrees angle from the side of pre-existing actin filaments. These filaments push the membrane forward as they grow at their barbed ends. Arp2/3 complex is incorporated into the network, and new filaments are capped rapidly, so that activated Arp2/3 complex must be supplied continuously to keep the network growing. Hydrolysis of ATP bound to polymerized actin followed by phosphate dissociation marks older filaments for depolymerization by ADF/cofilins. Profilin catalyzes exchange of ADP for ATP, recycling actin back to a pool of unpolymerized monomers bound to profilin and thymosin-beta 4 that is poised for rapid elongation of new barbed ends.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_0e1f24da443c94a2a3765a673adc2655","status":"active","text":"ATP hydrolysis and subsequent phosphate dissociation on polymerized actin mark older filaments for depolymerization by ADF/cofilins.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_0e1f24da443c94a2a3765a673adc2655"},{"public_id":"cl_24d75d64c78274f6e16db8a832f9420a","status":"active","text":"Cell surface receptor signaling converges on WASp family proteins, including WASp, N-WASP, and Scar/WAVE, to regulate actin filament assembly at the leading edge of motile cells.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_24d75d64c78274f6e16db8a832f9420a"},{"public_id":"cl_f178b4052268750db5e4591c53485126","status":"active","text":"Growing actin filaments push the membrane forward as elongation occurs at their barbed ends.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f178b4052268750db5e4591c53485126"},{"public_id":"cl_01397f88fda5397e7fc9cd75364b3d3c","status":"active","text":"Profilin promotes ADP-to-ATP exchange and, together with thymosin-beta 4, maintains a pool of unpolymerized actin monomers poised for rapid elongation of new barbed ends.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_01397f88fda5397e7fc9cd75364b3d3c"},{"public_id":"cl_3f4dacf5a39be04e09b69dde4be9af25","status":"active","text":"Rapid capping of new filaments and incorporation of Arp2/3 complex into the network require continuous supply of activated Arp2/3 complex to sustain network growth.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_3f4dacf5a39be04e09b69dde4be9af25"},{"public_id":"cl_76c21f0d9ab703773a89ffd0a638c23c","status":"active","text":"WASp family proteins stimulate the Arp2/3 complex to nucleate actin filaments that branch from pre-existing filaments at a fixed 70-degree 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