{"corpus_id":30013731,"paper_sha":"43af68710a82fed910f062c39db837961c1dc109","doi":"10.1128/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":14726461,"pmcid":"PMC321465","mag_id":2162602118,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population","year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","venue":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","pages":"208 - 217","volume":"17"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine"],"reference_count":140,"citation_count":846,"influential_citation_count":68,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Humans","mj":false,"ui":"D006801"},{"d":"Immunocompromised Host","mj":true,"ui":"D016867"},{"d":"Strongyloides stercoralis","mj":true,"ui":"D017171"},{"d":"Strongyloidiasis","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"diagnosis","mj":false,"ui":"Q000175"},{"q":"epidemiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000453"},{"q":"immunology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000276"},{"q":"physiopathology","mj":true,"ui":"Q000503"},{"q":"therapy","mj":false,"ui":"Q000628"}],"ui":"D013322"}],"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc321465?pdf=render","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43af68710a82fed910f062c39db837961c1dc109","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"GREEN","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_581f958b198ce63cddda220e80a65630","status":"active","text":"Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_581f958b198ce63cddda220e80a65630"},{"public_id":"cl_f98512a2d66ad876323f0d9dfa4f4126","status":"active","text":"Hyperinfection syndrome is characterized by increased filariform larvae in stool and sputum and by clinical manifestations such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_f98512a2d66ad876323f0d9dfa4f4126"},{"public_id":"cl_620bb6e169ce2ac0647b479302f835d1","status":"active","text":"Hyperinfection syndrome is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_620bb6e169ce2ac0647b479302f835d1"},{"public_id":"cl_6d7ea2765fdd95593753efb0a8bec98d","status":"active","text":"Immunocompromise can amplify the autoinfective cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis into potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_6d7ea2765fdd95593753efb0a8bec98d"},{"public_id":"cl_bbc0444ab8ee1225eb34d6752a22b01d","status":"active","text":"Ivermectin and other anthelmintic agents have been used successfully to treat hyperinfection syndrome and to prevent hyperinfection in patients at increased risk.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_bbc0444ab8ee1225eb34d6752a22b01d"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_03ab803c85c8d499319c4f361e0fd1ff","status":"active","name":"hyperinfection syndrome","description":"An amplified Strongyloides infection state associated with increased parasite burden and migration in immunocompromised hosts.","types":["syndrome"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_03ab803c85c8d499319c4f361e0fd1ff"},{"public_id":"co_19abbb476c6e07a5f21deadb6bdf4b9f","status":"active","name":"Strongyloides stercoralis","description":"An intestinal nematode that infects humans and can persist through autoinfection.","types":["parasite"],"aliases":["S. stercoralis"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_19abbb476c6e07a5f21deadb6bdf4b9f"},{"public_id":"co_1d420aeda8161fafd46baa809339022a","status":"active","name":"meningitis","description":"Inflammation or infection of the meninges that can occur with enteric organisms during hyperinfection.","types":["condition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_1d420aeda8161fafd46baa809339022a"},{"public_id":"co_42568cdebf9741f7dad65dd88a8b1481","status":"active","name":"anthelmintic agents","description":"Drugs used against parasitic worms, including agents used for Strongyloides treatment and prevention.","types":["drug class"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_42568cdebf9741f7dad65dd88a8b1481"},{"public_id":"co_58358f8035359b7f457d440a7f1b5411","status":"active","name":"glucocorticoid treatment","description":"Use of glucocorticoid medications, identified as a major trigger for hyperinfection.","types":["treatment"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_58358f8035359b7f457d440a7f1b5411"},{"public_id":"co_80c7d1c3162c445215ceceaafe2ef746","status":"active","name":"ivermectin","description":"An anthelmintic drug used to treat Strongyloides infection and prevent hyperinfection.","types":["drug"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_80c7d1c3162c445215ceceaafe2ef746"},{"public_id":"co_964a690471ee70e0452bb78d5cf5bb15","status":"active","name":"gastrointestinal bleeding","description":"Bleeding from the digestive tract, listed here as a clinical manifestation of increased parasite burden.","types":["clinical manifestation"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_964a690471ee70e0452bb78d5cf5bb15"},{"public_id":"co_98028799a006850cffcc2c43379fc91a","status":"active","name":"filariform larvae","description":"Infective larval forms of Strongyloides detected in stool and sputum during hyperinfection.","types":["organism stage"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_98028799a006850cffcc2c43379fc91a"},{"public_id":"co_d3376764af142f3770370eef5821f8af","status":"active","name":"sepsis","description":"A systemic infectious condition that can accompany Strongyloides hyperinfection with enteric organisms.","types":["condition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d3376764af142f3770370eef5821f8af"},{"public_id":"co_d5d1f44e38788b30755508b18b417e8d","status":"active","name":"human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection","description":"Infection with HTLV-1, identified as a major condition associated with triggering hyperinfection.","types":["infection"],"aliases":["HTLV-1 infection"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_d5d1f44e38788b30755508b18b417e8d"},{"public_id":"co_f9ec8c756b6575fc58384a98a7507e1f","status":"active","name":"autoinfective cycle","description":"An asexual life cycle stage in which the parasite completes infection within the host and can maintain persistent infection.","types":["life cycle process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f9ec8c756b6575fc58384a98a7507e1f"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1128/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":14726461,"PubMedCentral":"PMC321465","MAG":2162602118,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc321465?pdf=render","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43af68710a82fed910f062c39db837961c1dc109","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":null,"status":"GREEN","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":630967,"paper_uid":"50a94f0e-0325-49a5-85d5-dcaee53da6df","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":630967,"paper_uid":"50a94f0e-0325-49a5-85d5-dcaee53da6df","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/30013731"}