{"corpus_id":31001264,"paper_sha":"801876280f96b3f13ec8f9be62dfe0a5d4aef9d5","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2017.00288","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2755542962,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"On the Use of Maps and Models in Conservation and Resource Management (Warning: Results May Vary)","year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-11","venue":"Frontiers in Marine Science","journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","pages":null,"volume":"4"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Computer Science","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":223,"citation_count":48,"influential_citation_count":3,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00288/pdf","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/801876280f96b3f13ec8f9be62dfe0a5d4aef9d5","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GOLD","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Conservation planning and management typically require accurate and spatially explicit data at scales that are relevant for conservation objectives. In marine conservation, these data are often combined with spatial analytical techniques to produce marine habitat maps. While marine habitat mapping is increasingly used to inform conservation efforts, this field is still relatively young and its methods are rapidly evolving. Because conservation efforts do not always specify standards or guidelines for the production of habitat maps, results can vary dramatically. As representations of real environmental characteristics, habitat maps are highly sensitive to how they are produced. In this review paper, I present four concepts that are known to cause variation in spatial representation and prediction of habitats: the methodology used, the quality and scale of the data, and the choice of variables in regards to fitness for use. I then discuss the potential antinomy associated with the use of habitat maps in conservation: while habitat maps have become an invaluable tool to inform and assist decision-making, maps of the same area built using different methods and data may provide dissimilar representations, thus providing different information and possibly leading to different decisions. Exploring the theories and methods that have proved effective in terrestrial conservation and the spatial sciences, and how they can be integrated in marine habitat mapping practices, could help improve maps used to support marine conservation efforts and result in more reliable products to inform conservation decisions. Having a strong, consistent, transparent, repeatable, and science-based protocol for data collection and mapping is essential for effectively supporting decision-makers in developing conservation and management plans. The development of user-friendly tools to assist in the application of such protocol is crucial to a widespread improvement in practices. I discuss the potential to use interactive and collaborative Geographic Information Systems to encourage the conservation and management community, from data collectors and mapmakers to decision-makers, to move toward a digital resilience and to develop such science-based protocol. Until standards and protocols are developed, habitat maps should always be interpreted with care, and the methods and metadata associated with their production should always be explicitly stated.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_8691d561413de33dd71662b15c80c2b5","status":"active","text":"A strong, consistent, transparent, repeatable, and science-based protocol for data collection and mapping is essential for effectively supporting decision-makers in conservation and management planning.","confidence":0.94,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8691d561413de33dd71662b15c80c2b5"},{"public_id":"cl_6f7edbf1cfc76774e31aa4734f29946a","status":"active","text":"Habitat maps are invaluable for informing conservation decision-making, but maps of the same area built using different methods and data may provide dissimilar representations and lead to different decisions.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_6f7edbf1cfc76774e31aa4734f29946a"},{"public_id":"cl_31d666a35654c6a0739d888831422b58","status":"active","text":"Interactive and collaborative Geographic Information Systems could help move the conservation and management community toward digital resilience and support the development of science-based protocol.","confidence":0.82,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_31d666a35654c6a0739d888831422b58"},{"public_id":"cl_8032887a1531416950259fdcc966eeb9","status":"active","text":"Marine habitat map results can vary dramatically because standards and guidelines for producing them are often unspecified.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8032887a1531416950259fdcc966eeb9"},{"public_id":"cl_12c65293e87983619d8ad20687985003","status":"active","text":"Variation in spatial representation and habitat prediction is driven by the methodology used, the quality and scale of the data, and the choice of variables for fitness for use.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_12c65293e87983619d8ad20687985003"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_16219880b0ae28853c9d8aea20e9e35d","status":"active","name":"interactive and collaborative Geographic Information Systems","description":"GIS platforms that support shared, interactive map use and collaboration among users.","types":["software","method"],"aliases":["collaborative GIS","interactive GIS"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_16219880b0ae28853c9d8aea20e9e35d"},{"public_id":"co_368de5d6e118c73c5919a3ef660b79f0","status":"active","name":"conservation and management plans","description":"Plans that guide actions for conserving resources and managing landscapes or seascapes.","types":["plan"],"aliases":["management plans"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_368de5d6e118c73c5919a3ef660b79f0"},{"public_id":"co_3e7b45b74e2d3abd5a247242b35b1a1d","status":"active","name":"methodology used","description":"The specific analytical approach or mapping procedure applied to produce habitat maps.","types":["method factor"],"aliases":["methods used"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3e7b45b74e2d3abd5a247242b35b1a1d"},{"public_id":"co_422e8c5a54202c8f983f14ff449158d8","status":"active","name":"choice of variables","description":"The selection of predictors or mapping variables used to represent habitat characteristics.","types":["method factor"],"aliases":["variable selection"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_422e8c5a54202c8f983f14ff449158d8"},{"public_id":"co_48b04a8b0b671f90f28a3663f70290e7","status":"active","name":"production of habitat maps","description":"The process of creating habitat maps from data and analytical methods.","types":["process"],"aliases":["habitat map production"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_48b04a8b0b671f90f28a3663f70290e7"},{"public_id":"co_4d928c27a1f6bed4deeb5691c0276b18","status":"active","name":"data collection and mapping","description":"The acquisition of spatial data and the creation of map products from those data.","types":["process"],"aliases":["mapping"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4d928c27a1f6bed4deeb5691c0276b18"},{"public_id":"co_4fddb2d1c2b069d207b00ba76a6165f0","status":"active","name":"digital resilience","description":"The capacity of a community to adapt and function effectively through digital tools and workflows.","types":["concept"],"aliases":["resilience"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4fddb2d1c2b069d207b00ba76a6165f0"},{"public_id":"co_7a4628094e2023c68a535d013dd46159","status":"active","name":"science-based protocol","description":"A protocol for data collection and mapping grounded in scientific methods and evidence.","types":["protocol"],"aliases":["protocol"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7a4628094e2023c68a535d013dd46159"},{"public_id":"co_83b4b7d87820477973fc94bfdf9b16f7","status":"active","name":"conservation decision-making","description":"The process of using evidence to choose conservation actions or management options.","types":["process"],"aliases":["decision-making"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_83b4b7d87820477973fc94bfdf9b16f7"},{"public_id":"co_ce165e2253ecf7bfb2d9856d3a489524","status":"active","name":"standards and guidelines","description":"Formal criteria or procedures for producing habitat maps.","types":["protocol"],"aliases":["standards","guidelines"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ce165e2253ecf7bfb2d9856d3a489524"},{"public_id":"co_ead3be78c29dba46b2a3c47c67b46ba6","status":"active","name":"different methods and data","description":"Alternative combinations of analytical procedures and input datasets used to construct maps.","types":["method","data"],"aliases":["different methods","different data"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ead3be78c29dba46b2a3c47c67b46ba6"},{"public_id":"co_ed97d873542b463db39b65fb37805c0f","status":"active","name":"marine habitat maps","description":"Spatial representations of marine habitats created from environmental data and spatial analysis.","types":["map","conservation tool"],"aliases":["habitat maps"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ed97d873542b463db39b65fb37805c0f"},{"public_id":"co_f118514b928ec5cbdbd3f1b9eaec7a09","status":"active","name":"habitat maps","description":"Maps that represent the distribution or characteristics of habitat in a given area.","types":["map"],"aliases":["maps"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f118514b928ec5cbdbd3f1b9eaec7a09"},{"public_id":"co_ff4a556d13c7335397d95439a8cdb314","status":"active","name":"quality and scale of the data","description":"The resolution, accuracy, and appropriateness of input data used in habitat mapping.","types":["data factor"],"aliases":["data quality","data scale"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_ff4a556d13c7335397d95439a8cdb314"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2017.00288","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2755542962,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00288/pdf","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/801876280f96b3f13ec8f9be62dfe0a5d4aef9d5","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"CCBY","status":"GOLD","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":632073,"paper_uid":"600057f6-9fb5-4540-9091-cd3cc7c384cb","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":632073,"paper_uid":"600057f6-9fb5-4540-9091-cd3cc7c384cb","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/31001264"}