{"corpus_id":31391511,"paper_sha":"124d46e7a47d8d73664edf652fac7c8e5f210877","doi":"10.1093/jos/9.1.69","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2096954841,"dblp_id":"journals/jsemantics/Barker92","acl_id":null,"title":"Group Terms in English: Representing Groups as Atoms","year":1992,"publication_date":null,"venue":"Journal of Semantics","journal":{"name":"J. Semant.","pages":"69-93","volume":"9"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Philosophy","Computer Science"],"reference_count":9,"citation_count":122,"influential_citation_count":20,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"What do terms such as the committee, the league, and the group of women denote? Pre-theoretically, group terms have a dual personality. On the one hand, the committee corresponds to an entity as ideosyncratic in its properties as any other object; for instance, two otherwise identical committees can vary with respect to the purpose for which they were formed. Call this aspect the group-as-individual. On the other hand, the identity of a group is at least partially determined by the properties of its members; for instance, a committee will be a committee of women just in case each of its members is a woman. Call this aspect the group-as-set. Elaborating on suggestions in Link (1984) and Lasersohn (1988), I propose that group terms in English denote atomic individuals, that is, entities lacking internal structure. In particular, it is not possible to determine the membership of a group by examining the denotation of a group term. The proposed account correctly predicts that group terms systematically behave differently semantically (as well as syntactically) from plurals such as the men and conjunctions such as John and Bill. Thus the atomic analysis advocated here stands in sharp contrast to previous proposals, including Bennet (1975), Link (1984), and Landman (1989), in which group terms are considered of a piece semantically with plurals and conjunctions. Additional arguments come from the use of names of groups as rigid designators, from the parallel between group nouns and measure nouns, and from the distribution of group terms across two dialects of English.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_c280d98a474fadf37261e76962536b01","status":"active","text":"Group terms in English denote atomic individuals lacking internal structure.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_c280d98a474fadf37261e76962536b01"},{"public_id":"cl_8d68311ce7edcf7eb936dbbac22ad51f","status":"active","text":"Group terms systematically behave differently from plurals and conjunctions in both semantics and syntax.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_8d68311ce7edcf7eb936dbbac22ad51f"},{"public_id":"cl_d4a7720f2cdb1b431c071dc0bc1914fc","status":"active","text":"Membership of a group cannot be determined by examining the denotation of a group term.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_d4a7720f2cdb1b431c071dc0bc1914fc"},{"public_id":"cl_50cef13653318f6bcab9374256a3ed9a","status":"active","text":"Names of groups, the parallel between group nouns and measure nouns, and the distribution of group terms across two English dialects provide additional support for the atomic analysis.","confidence":0.84,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_50cef13653318f6bcab9374256a3ed9a"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_1ad06acb1f619d6353bff647aeb86618","status":"active","name":"conjunctions","description":"Conjoined expressions such as 'John and Bill' that combine multiple referents.","types":["linguistic expression"],"aliases":["conjoined expressions"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_1ad06acb1f619d6353bff647aeb86618"},{"public_id":"co_3acd0e8d8169b38fee85334eb02593d9","status":"active","name":"denotation of a group term","description":"The entity or referent associated with a group term in semantic interpretation.","types":["semantic denotation"],"aliases":["group-term denotation"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3acd0e8d8169b38fee85334eb02593d9"},{"public_id":"co_411b4326d27f2f87065e4d5fb624f8d6","status":"active","name":"atomic individuals","description":"Entities treated as indivisible units without internal mereological structure.","types":["semantic entity"],"aliases":["atoms"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_411b4326d27f2f87065e4d5fb624f8d6"},{"public_id":"co_47ab6cfc47a43051f4d68cf3512a1678","status":"active","name":"group-as-individual","description":"The aspect of a group term under which a group is treated as an individual object with its own properties.","types":["semantic aspect"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_47ab6cfc47a43051f4d68cf3512a1678"},{"public_id":"co_4b4ffe3550e2f6e3098043cacc8a5817","status":"active","name":"rigid designators","description":"Expressions that refer to the same entity across possible circumstances of evaluation.","types":["semantic property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4b4ffe3550e2f6e3098043cacc8a5817"},{"public_id":"co_87092cbf29fac2a452c598b0a2bcec0c","status":"active","name":"group nouns","description":"Nouns that denote groups, used here in comparison with measure nouns.","types":["linguistic expression"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_87092cbf29fac2a452c598b0a2bcec0c"},{"public_id":"co_9547fb9537db61d2b6f0d753883f0357","status":"active","name":"group-as-set","description":"The aspect of a group term under which the group's identity depends partly on the properties of its members.","types":["semantic aspect"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9547fb9537db61d2b6f0d753883f0357"},{"public_id":"co_9c780fe8d13db121d6da3caec419645f","status":"active","name":"membership of a group","description":"The set of individuals that constitute a group.","types":["membership relation"],"aliases":["group membership"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9c780fe8d13db121d6da3caec419645f"},{"public_id":"co_aad4b55283eb389b5dbd640a9a1951ad","status":"active","name":"atomic analysis","description":"The proposed semantic account that treats group terms as denoting atomic individuals.","types":["theoretical account"],"aliases":["atomic account"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_aad4b55283eb389b5dbd640a9a1951ad"},{"public_id":"co_c202f940fed4c59f2eac5a5f1f8b1c30","status":"active","name":"measure nouns","description":"Nouns that encode quantities or measures rather than ordinary count reference.","types":["linguistic expression"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c202f940fed4c59f2eac5a5f1f8b1c30"},{"public_id":"co_e6e9648b190eea6af64f880956a4b735","status":"active","name":"plurals","description":"Plural expressions that denote multiple individuals or a plurality.","types":["linguistic expression"],"aliases":["plural expressions"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e6e9648b190eea6af64f880956a4b735"},{"public_id":"co_f4d451e99a60da17ccd652c01508f030","status":"active","name":"group terms in English","description":"English expressions such as 'the committee' or 'the league' that refer to groups.","types":["linguistic expression"],"aliases":["group terms","group nouns"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f4d451e99a60da17ccd652c01508f030"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1093/jos/9.1.69","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":null,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2096954841,"DBLP":"journals/jsemantics/Barker92","ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":false,"pdf_url":null,"landing_url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/31391511","source":null,"pdf_url_source":null,"license":null,"reason":"pdf_url_not_indexed"},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":1},"paper_id":632973,"paper_uid":"6a2d1fe4-87ca-4f56-81c9-893cc9b943bf","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":632973,"paper_uid":"6a2d1fe4-87ca-4f56-81c9-893cc9b943bf","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/31391511"}