{"corpus_id":3565256,"paper_sha":"612877e870188f03678482b6ff66d1cde5654a9f","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008726","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2793347838,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Nature's neutron probe: Land surface hydrology at an elusive scale with cosmic rays","year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-01","venue":"","journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","pages":null,"volume":"46"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Geology","Physics","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":29,"citation_count":329,"influential_citation_count":58,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009WR008726","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/612877e870188f03678482b6ff66d1cde5654a9f","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"BRONZE","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Fast neutrons are generated naturally at the land surface by energetic cosmic rays. These “background” neutrons respond strongly to the presence of water at or near the land surface and represent a hitherto elusive intermediate spatial scale of observation that is ideal for land surface studies and modeling. Soil moisture, snow, and biomass each have a distinct influence on the spectrum, height profile, and directional intensity of neutron fluxes above the ground, suggesting that different sources of water at the land surface can be distinguished with neutron data alone. Measurements can be taken at fixed sites for long‐term monitoring or in a moving vehicle for mapping over large areas. We anticipate applications in many previously problematic contexts, including saline environments, wetlands and peat bogs, rocky soils, the active layer of permafrost, and water and snow intercepted by vegetation, as well as calibration and validation of data from spaceborne sensors.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_adfbea7adfcecb4d2c6ee448d58482c0","status":"active","text":"Fast neutrons generated by cosmic rays at the land surface respond strongly to water at or near the surface and provide an intermediate spatial scale of observation for land-surface studies and modeling.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_adfbea7adfcecb4d2c6ee448d58482c0"},{"public_id":"cl_80b8d5b6681cc00e4b7d2139d84ace6a","status":"active","text":"Measurements can be collected at fixed sites for long-term monitoring or from moving vehicles for mapping over large areas.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_80b8d5b6681cc00e4b7d2139d84ace6a"},{"public_id":"cl_c4aab74ac7c41bcee3562f1ca191ebe4","status":"active","text":"Neutron data alone can distinguish different sources of water at the land surface.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_c4aab74ac7c41bcee3562f1ca191ebe4"},{"public_id":"cl_5ce112bb497a31a36efa50efcc88390f","status":"active","text":"Soil moisture, snow, and biomass each influence the spectrum, height profile, and directional intensity of neutron fluxes above the ground in distinct 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