{"corpus_id":49538565,"paper_sha":"7d6082011de46ff337f8120a2f225a92455ce44c","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":29963645,"pmcid":"6020759","mag_id":2800705505,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration","year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","venue":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","pages":null,"volume":"3"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Medicine","Computer Science","Psychology"],"reference_count":117,"citation_count":547,"influential_citation_count":44,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/bmjophth/3/1/e000146.full.pdf","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7d6082011de46ff337f8120a2f225a92455ce44c","s2_open_access_license":"CCBYNC","s2_open_access_status":"GOLD","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Digital device usage has increased substantially in recent years across all age groups, so that extensive daily use for both social and professional purposes is now normal. Digital eye strain (DES), also known as computer vision syndrome, encompasses a range of ocular and visual symptoms, and estimates suggest its prevalence may be 50% or more among computer users. Symptoms fall into two main categories: those linked to accommodative or binocular vision stress, and external symptoms linked to dry eye. Although symptoms are typically transient, they may be frequent and persistent, and have an economic impact when vocational computer users are affected. DES may be identified and measured using one of several available questionnaires, or objective evaluations of parameters such as critical flicker–fusion frequency, blink rate and completeness, accommodative function and pupil characteristics may be used to provide indices of visual fatigue. Correlations between objective and subjective measures are not always apparent. A range of management approaches exist for DES including correction of refractive error and/or presbyopia, management of dry eye, incorporating regular screen breaks and consideration of vergence and accommodative problems. Recently, several authors have explored the putative role of blue light-filtering spectacle lenses on treating DES, with mixed results. Given the high prevalence of DES and near-universal use of digital devices, it is essential that eye care practitioners are able to provide advice and management options based on quality research evidence.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_c0d46fffd01ad8d818923caa05d7d7e4","status":"active","text":"Blue light-filtering spectacle lenses show mixed results for treating digital eye strain.","confidence":0.65,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_c0d46fffd01ad8d818923caa05d7d7e4"},{"public_id":"cl_a56dc5136fab3266b8b97d55e3e6355d","status":"active","text":"Correlations between objective and subjective measures of visual fatigue in digital eye strain are not always apparent.","confidence":0.75,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_a56dc5136fab3266b8b97d55e3e6355d"},{"public_id":"cl_edd4a5b597fb6e0d09f0b78446797559","status":"active","text":"Digital eye strain has an estimated prevalence of 50% or more among computer users.","confidence":0.7,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_edd4a5b597fb6e0d09f0b78446797559"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_09f94b06e2e37685cbbed98d0312b5aa","status":"active","name":"critical flicker–fusion frequency","description":"An objective visual measure used to index visual fatigue.","types":["measurement technique"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_09f94b06e2e37685cbbed98d0312b5aa"},{"public_id":"co_4f25b706d84af9c6f0eeef18c0142bf4","status":"active","name":"refractive error","description":"An uncorrected optical focusing defect of the eye addressed in digital eye strain management.","types":["condition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4f25b706d84af9c6f0eeef18c0142bf4"},{"public_id":"co_53c784e81c16c6330a9cdda7a34b4306","status":"active","name":"blink rate","description":"An objective measure of how frequently a person blinks, used as an index of visual fatigue.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_53c784e81c16c6330a9cdda7a34b4306"},{"public_id":"co_5652a5d2ed6e97cc3a995c156c740b77","status":"active","name":"blink completeness","description":"An objective measure of whether blinks fully close the eyelid, used as an index of visual fatigue.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5652a5d2ed6e97cc3a995c156c740b77"},{"public_id":"co_5ce4423ed52d966b3b69da4887e1c86d","status":"active","name":"presbyopia","description":"An age-related loss of accommodative ability addressed in digital eye strain management.","types":["condition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_5ce4423ed52d966b3b69da4887e1c86d"},{"public_id":"co_b7e3377380376c83647c64632160b8ab","status":"active","name":"dry eye","description":"An ocular surface condition linked to external symptoms of digital eye strain.","types":["condition"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b7e3377380376c83647c64632160b8ab"},{"public_id":"co_b8882b69d3040cc138fd6b36aae51bcd","status":"active","name":"visual fatigue","description":"A state of tiredness in the visual system indexed by objective and subjective measures.","types":["outcome"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b8882b69d3040cc138fd6b36aae51bcd"},{"public_id":"co_c5377df1337c0b435d4c33c3edda5eac","status":"active","name":"blue light-filtering spectacle lenses","description":"Spectacle lenses designed to filter blue light, explored as a potential treatment for digital eye strain.","types":["intervention"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c5377df1337c0b435d4c33c3edda5eac"},{"public_id":"co_cb31bdd08136aff20520f5a41dd8f02b","status":"active","name":"pupil characteristics","description":"Objective properties of the pupil evaluated as an index of visual fatigue.","types":["measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_cb31bdd08136aff20520f5a41dd8f02b"},{"public_id":"co_e5d9d167ecceb7b45af47ccbfae2ebba","status":"active","name":"vergence","description":"The coordinated movement of the eyes considered in digital eye strain management.","types":["physiological function"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_e5d9d167ecceb7b45af47ccbfae2ebba"},{"public_id":"co_f1a5ed1afefafdbf64c895a6c628f426","status":"active","name":"accommodative function","description":"The eye's focusing capability, assessed objectively as an index of visual fatigue.","types":["physiological function"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f1a5ed1afefafdbf64c895a6c628f426"},{"public_id":"co_f7d356e25c91a267c279406c4bb47209","status":"active","name":"digital eye strain","description":"A condition involving ocular and visual symptoms linked to extensive digital device use.","types":["condition"],"aliases":["DES","computer vision syndrome"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f7d356e25c91a267c279406c4bb47209"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":29963645,"PubMedCentral":"6020759","MAG":2800705505,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/bmjophth/3/1/e000146.full.pdf","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7d6082011de46ff337f8120a2f225a92455ce44c","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"CCBYNC","status":"GOLD","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":631510,"paper_uid":"f6a47130-503d-462e-85ab-5cbbeb400782","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":631510,"paper_uid":"f6a47130-503d-462e-85ab-5cbbeb400782","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/49538565"}