{"corpus_id":51628971,"paper_sha":"51b4a191a0e63d3842c2c21fb9a66d4c386a3268","doi":"10.1111/nph.15343","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":30007071,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2883751486,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology.","year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-14","venue":"New Phytologist","journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","pages":"\n          67-85\n        ","volume":"221 1"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Medicine","Economics","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":192,"citation_count":573,"influential_citation_count":19,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":[{"d":"Animals","mj":false,"ui":"D000818"},{"d":"Biological Transport","mj":false,"ui":"D001692"},{"d":"Herbivory","mj":false,"ui":"D060434"},{"d":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","mj":true,"ui":"D018521"},{"d":"Silicon","mj":false,"qs":[{"q":"metabolism","mj":true,"ui":"Q000378"},{"q":"physiology","mj":false,"ui":"Q000502"}],"ui":"D012825"},{"d":"Stress, Physiological","mj":false,"ui":"D013312"}],"chemicals":[{"n":"Silicon","ui":"D012825","reg":"Z4152N8IUI"}],"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/nph.15343","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/51b4a191a0e63d3842c2c21fb9a66d4c386a3268","s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":"BRONZE","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_2724a8cac5d025fa602bb7fc218dda80","status":"active","text":"Empirical evidence, particularly from recent functional genomics, does not support reports that silicon affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical, and physiological processes in plants.","confidence":0.92,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_2724a8cac5d025fa602bb7fc218dda80"},{"public_id":"cl_9418bae4aea89618defed4cfa3c6f9cb","status":"active","text":"Linking molecular and phenotypic data provides a better basis for classifying silicon transport in higher plants.","confidence":0.82,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_9418bae4aea89618defed4cfa3c6f9cb"},{"public_id":"cl_5a88ab5eca18ca4b990d0893c958f623","status":"active","text":"The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis proposes a fundamental role for silicon as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses, rather than as an active cellular agent, with cascading effects on plant form and function.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_5a88ab5eca18ca4b990d0893c958f623"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_20437606ba1328d4eeaf55e4f7e642cf","status":"active","name":"extracellular prophylactic agent","description":"A substance acting outside plant cells to preventively shield tissues from damage caused by stresses.","types":["functional role"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_20437606ba1328d4eeaf55e4f7e642cf"},{"public_id":"co_36600ea129f181bf9236d934b8c19b43","status":"active","name":"mechanical barriers","description":"Physical structural obstacles in plant tissues attributed to silicon deposition that limit pathogen or herbivore penetration.","types":["plant defense mechanism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_36600ea129f181bf9236d934b8c19b43"},{"public_id":"co_4fe4b99c53e5e2d516c031fd25614ef6","status":"active","name":"biotic stress","description":"Stress imposed on plants by living organisms such as pathogens, insects, and other biological agents.","types":["stress type"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4fe4b99c53e5e2d516c031fd25614ef6"},{"public_id":"co_7c39cd41cb093e06c96cd196171b962b","status":"active","name":"essential plant nutrient","description":"A nutrient element classified as required for completion of a plant's life cycle.","types":["nutrient classification"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7c39cd41cb093e06c96cd196171b962b"},{"public_id":"co_85690f8b8ef8c90f73086930190c172f","status":"active","name":"apoplastic obstruction hypothesis","description":"A mechanistic model proposing that silicon exerts its beneficial plant effects by acting as an extracellular physical barrier in the apoplast rather than as an active intracellular agent.","types":["mechanistic model","hypothesis"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_85690f8b8ef8c90f73086930190c172f"},{"public_id":"co_99870c3d03d1e1a828c00ede59436f94","status":"active","name":"defense priming","description":"A plant immune mechanism by which prior exposure to a stimulus heightens subsequent defensive responses.","types":["biological mechanism"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_99870c3d03d1e1a828c00ede59436f94"},{"public_id":"co_9b9316168d0486c7c94727f5ea803ef6","status":"active","name":"functional genomics","description":"A molecular biology research approach studying gene and protein function across the whole genome.","types":["research approach"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9b9316168d0486c7c94727f5ea803ef6"},{"public_id":"co_9cda83051295f67c6ce4bc284bab771c","status":"active","name":"silicon transport","description":"The physiological mechanisms by which plants absorb and distribute silicon within their tissues.","types":["biological process"],"aliases":["Si transport"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_9cda83051295f67c6ce4bc284bab771c"},{"public_id":"co_a1921998bbc78ffa0f299e659495e8c7","status":"active","name":"silicon","description":"The chemical element Si, a non-essential mineral widely present in plant tissues and associated with beneficial effects across various species and environmental conditions.","types":["chemical element","nutrient"],"aliases":["Si"],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_a1921998bbc78ffa0f299e659495e8c7"},{"public_id":"co_b7bdda8cb9e8b6dbb1468e818eb63bc6","status":"active","name":"higher plants","description":"Vascular land plants, the broad taxonomic group whose silicon transport and stress responses are examined here.","types":["organism group"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b7bdda8cb9e8b6dbb1468e818eb63bc6"},{"public_id":"co_c6b862dc0322db70759a60d7d7c6c703","status":"active","name":"abiotic stress","description":"Stress imposed on plants by non-living environmental factors such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes.","types":["stress type"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_c6b862dc0322db70759a60d7d7c6c703"},{"public_id":"co_f04213109ca4cf055becf68b5e18b202","status":"active","name":"plant growth and yield","description":"The biomass accumulation and harvestable output of plants, used here as measures of silicon's beneficial influence.","types":["plant trait","agricultural measure"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f04213109ca4cf055becf68b5e18b202"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1111/nph.15343","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":30007071,"PubMedCentral":null,"MAG":2883751486,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/nph.15343","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/51b4a191a0e63d3842c2c21fb9a66d4c386a3268","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":null,"status":"BRONZE","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":630830,"paper_uid":"5d5e1c7c-5025-4d68-9486-3c0666b8fc26","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":630830,"paper_uid":"5d5e1c7c-5025-4d68-9486-3c0666b8fc26","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/51628971"}