{"corpus_id":78585952,"paper_sha":"c316eeaf348fe736fe59ab07564caf238fd55aa8","doi":"10.2174/092986730204220224094309","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2521428913,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Drugs for Osteoporosis Prevention: Mechanisms of Bone Maintenance","year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-12-01","venue":"Current Medicinal Chemistry","journal":{"name":"Current Medicinal Chemistry","pages":null,"volume":null},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Medicine"],"reference_count":0,"citation_count":13,"influential_citation_count":1,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"\n\nUnchecked bone density loss can lead to osteoporosis. Such loss arises from a variety of metabolic imbalances, in particular hormonal\ninsufficiency in postmenopausal women. Bone densitometry, coupled with -\nappropriate monitoring of bone turnover markers osteocalcin and\n(deoxy)pyridinoline, enables early diagnosis. This review will focus on recent advances concerning the biochemical and histomorphometric bases for clinically effective bone loss prevention by new and established medicinal agents. Estrogen replacement therapy generally has involved steroidal estrogens, given as mixed sulfate ester conjugates composed mainly of estrone and equilin. Current experimental evidence suggests no major diffe-\nrence in the biochemical function of these steroidal estrogens, or their respective 17 β-hydroxy counterparts. Nonsteroidal estrogen receptor ligands such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and droloxifene, like estradiol, act as selective estrogen agonists in bone. But unlike estradiol, they are estrogen antagonists in other tissues. This selective estrogenicity might offer advantages over conventional estrogens, such as a decreased incidence of carcinogenicity. However, therapy with tamoxifen, the most widely used of these, has been associated with reproductive tract toxicity. And in laboratory rats, tamoxifen is converted to DNA-reactive hepatocarcinogenic metabolites. Prospects for bone loss suppressive drugs with a more diverse range of applications and low toxicity potential are embodied in the bisphosphonate etidronate and its analogues: risedronate, alendronate, ibandronate, pamidronate, and cimandronate. lpriflavone, an isoflavone derivative, augmented the effect of conjugated estrogens, enabling dose reduction of the latter in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Constricted analogues of parathyroid hormone hold future promise in bone restoration therapy.\n","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_095d57597f2fba5ce809651d5ab0afc0","status":"active","text":"Ipriflavone augments the effect of conjugated estrogens, enabling dose reduction of conjugated estrogens in postmenopausal osteoporosis.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_095d57597f2fba5ce809651d5ab0afc0"},{"public_id":"cl_d8ce6e51893b4560f68ac3dafc350508","status":"active","text":"Nonsteroidal estrogen receptor ligands such as tamoxifen act as selective estrogen agonists in bone but as estrogen antagonists in other tissues.","confidence":0.8,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_d8ce6e51893b4560f68ac3dafc350508"},{"public_id":"cl_7a26e3a0c86686438cae32e6807e436b","status":"active","text":"Steroidal estrogens show no major difference in biochemical function compared with their 17β-hydroxy counterparts.","confidence":0.75,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"},{"id":1165,"public_id":"ezd9qvkvax","public_label":"The Reverser‮ (ezd9qvkvax)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/ezd9qvkvax"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7a26e3a0c86686438cae32e6807e436b"},{"public_id":"cl_e8a37afa002b9d1d81f78a7f60e7ce51","status":"active","text":"Tamoxifen therapy is associated with reproductive tract toxicity and is converted to DNA-reactive hepatocarcinogenic metabolites in laboratory rats.","confidence":0.85,"contributors":[{"id":170,"public_id":"gsgmdx9r6e","public_label":"pupuri (gsgmdx9r6e)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/gsgmdx9r6e"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale 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