{"corpus_id":85581678,"paper_sha":"7e3d37f757a59620ab128dbea869a17494903a3c","doi":"10.1079/SSR200175","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2167328463,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Biochemistry and physiology of raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in seeds","year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","venue":"Seed Science Research","journal":{"name":"Seed Science Research","pages":"185 - 197","volume":"11"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["JournalArticle","Review"],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Chemistry"],"reference_count":113,"citation_count":345,"influential_citation_count":30,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Abstract Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are of almost ubiquitous occurrence in plant seeds. They accumulate during seed development and disappear rapidly during germination. The biosynthesis of raffinose, the first member of the series, proceeds by addition of a galactosyl unit to sucrose. Galactinol, a galactosyl derivative of myo-inositol, acts as a galactosyl donor. It is synthesized from UDP-D-GALACTOSE AND MYO-INOSITOL. STACHYOSE, VERBASCOSE AND AJUGOSE, THE NEXT HIGHER RFOS, ARE EITHER SYNTHESIZED BY GALACTINOL-DEPENDENT GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASES OR BY TRANSFER OF GALACTOSYL UNITS BETWEEN TWO RFO MOLECULES. IN SEEDS, THE METABOLISM OF METHYLATED INOSITOLS, SUCH AS D-ononitol and D-pinitol, is linked with the RFO pathway. In contrast to myo-inositol, these cyclitols are galactosylated by transfer of galactosyl residues from galactinol and not from UDP-D-galactose. However, the resulting galactosyl cyclitols can replace galactinol as galactosyl donors for the biosynthesis of stachyose. These recently discovered branches of the RFO pathway are active in seeds of a range of crop species, especially in legumes. We focus here on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the enzymes of RFO and galactosyl cyclitol biosynthesis. The metabolic control and hormonal regulation of the pathway during seed development and germination is discussed. The controversial role of α-galactosidases, which are believed to hydrolyse RFOs during germination, is reviewed critically.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_e269384082afbfb7e0cd50711a337735","status":"active","text":"In seeds, methylated inositols such as D-ononitol and D-pinitol are linked to the raffinose family oligosaccharide pathway, and their galactosylated derivatives can replace galactinol as galactosyl donors for stachyose biosynthesis.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_e269384082afbfb7e0cd50711a337735"},{"public_id":"cl_437de23182fa70c47510252ed430bc54","status":"active","text":"Raffinose biosynthesis proceeds by addition of a galactosyl unit to sucrose, with galactinol serving as the galactosyl donor.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_437de23182fa70c47510252ed430bc54"},{"public_id":"cl_7fa048873cfbac2d27f5a654278be558","status":"active","text":"Raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulate during seed development and disappear rapidly during germination.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7fa048873cfbac2d27f5a654278be558"},{"public_id":"cl_2e77a94eeee11838725c12585a851bb5","status":"active","text":"Stachyose, verbascose, and ajugose are synthesized either by galactinol-dependent galactosyltransferases or by transfer of galactosyl units between two raffinose family oligosaccharide molecules.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_2e77a94eeee11838725c12585a851bb5"},{"public_id":"cl_dd65a5f1ceff7068ec2357da26cc16af","status":"active","text":"The metabolic control and hormonal regulation of raffinose family oligosaccharide and galactosyl cyclitol biosynthesis during seed development and germination are discussed, and the role of alpha-galactosidases in RFO hydrolysis during germination is presented as controversial and critically reviewed.","confidence":0.9,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_dd65a5f1ceff7068ec2357da26cc16af"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_00144e27a046a20c3225e6b6006c60d0","status":"active","name":"D-pinitol","description":"A methylated inositol cyclitol that participates in the seed galactosyl cyclitol branch of the 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