{"corpus_id":90238537,"paper_sha":"7fb0e3c0d8d9d74c5f1fe45aae2f7faa5578e25a","doi":"10.1080/02724634.2017.1361433","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2762105796,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"The Taxonomic Utility of Forefin Morphology in Lower Jurassic Ichthyosaurs: Protoichthyosaurus and Ichthyosaurus","year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-03","venue":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology","journal":{"name":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology","pages":null,"volume":"37"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Biology","Geology"],"reference_count":45,"citation_count":20,"influential_citation_count":1,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/9484366","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7fb0e3c0d8d9d74c5f1fe45aae2f7faa5578e25a","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GREEN","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \n The validity of the parvipelvian ichthyosaur genus Protoichthyosaurus was evaluated by examining the type material and recently recognized specimens. Protoichthyosaurus has a wide forefin with at least five primary digits, an anterior digital bifurcation in the forefin, a humerus that is nearly equal in width distally and proximally, and a coracoid with welldeveloped anterior and posterior notches, features it shares with the more common genus Ichthyosaurus. Previously, Protoichthyosaurus was synonymized with Ichthyosaurus because of an incomplete understanding of forefin variation in the latter taxon. However, Protoichthyosaurus has several features in the forefin that distinguishes it from Ichthyosaurus, including the presence of three elements in the distal carpal row, a contact between distal carpal 3 and the ulnare, a bifurcation of distal carpal 2 to form two elements in the metacarpal row, the proximal element of the bifurcation nearly separating distal carpal 2 from distal carpal 3, distal carpal 3 separating the intermedium from contact with distal carpal 4, and the absence of digit V. A phylogenetic analysis confirms that Protoichthyosaurus is the sister taxon of Ichthyosaurus and is nested in Ichthyosauridae. We recognize two species, P. prostaxalis and P. applebyi, sp. nov., but not P. prosostealis. Protoichthyosaurus is unequivocally from the Hettangian but might be present in the Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian. The genus is geographically widespread across the U.K.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_d2d2c3a17d08eb1a41efbe63a9cc1a06","status":"active","text":"Phylogenetic analysis places Protoichthyosaurus as the sister taxon of Ichthyosaurus within Ichthyosauridae.","confidence":0.97,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_d2d2c3a17d08eb1a41efbe63a9cc1a06"},{"public_id":"cl_217143231bdf325d382f9f4ef52ee263","status":"active","text":"Protoichthyosaurus is a valid parvipelvian ichthyosaur genus distinguished from Ichthyosaurus by a set of forefin characters.","confidence":0.98,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_217143231bdf325d382f9f4ef52ee263"},{"public_id":"cl_7775132079fbbb1b4c87340f73c4b175","status":"active","text":"Protoichthyosaurus is unequivocally from the Hettangian and may also occur from the Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian, with a geographic distribution across the U.K.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_7775132079fbbb1b4c87340f73c4b175"},{"public_id":"cl_6cd9ac6247cf148c68595ac553b0b946","status":"active","text":"Shared forefin and girdle traits indicate that Protoichthyosaurus and Ichthyosaurus are closely similar, while incomplete understanding of variation in Ichthyosaurus previously led to their synonymization.","confidence":0.88,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_6cd9ac6247cf148c68595ac553b0b946"},{"public_id":"cl_cc1bab1d18d0d83b071cf10b86e2218b","status":"active","text":"Two species are recognized, P. prostaxalis and P. applebyi, sp. nov., whereas P. prosostealis is not recognized.","confidence":0.96,"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_cc1bab1d18d0d83b071cf10b86e2218b"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_15858b2717accba74b60914c987c77bb","status":"active","name":"forefin variation","description":"Variation in forefin structure within Ichthyosaurus that affected earlier taxonomic interpretations.","types":["morphological 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prosostealis"],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_55feb211290f4915bf941c4ce6664ff6"},{"public_id":"co_7ee724535d99a7ed5f10c4dce5d148d8","status":"active","name":"phylogenetic analysis","description":"An evolutionary analysis used to infer relationships among ichthyosaur taxa.","types":["analysis method"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":1,"public_id":"12632b8b5f","public_label":"Anonymous (12632b8b5f)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/12632b8b5f"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7ee724535d99a7ed5f10c4dce5d148d8"},{"public_id":"co_941d2b694e263b5b485a70c4540996ac","status":"active","name":"Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian","description":"A broader stratigraphic interval suggested as a possible additional time range for Protoichthyosaurus.","types":["geologic 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