{"corpus_id":9220675,"paper_sha":"46a8b33068f3b466e8454b08c4f17cb62e66dd22","doi":"10.1002/ece3.774","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":24198956,"pmcid":"3810891","mag_id":2106201104,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective","year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-15","venue":"Ecology and Evolution","journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","pages":"4016 - 4038","volume":"3"},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":["Review","JournalArticle"],"pubmed_pub_types":["Journal Article","Review"],"s2_fields_of_study":["Geography","Medicine","Environmental Science"],"reference_count":205,"citation_count":478,"influential_citation_count":28,"is_open_access":true,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":5,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3810891?pdf=render","s2_open_access_landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/46a8b33068f3b466e8454b08c4f17cb62e66dd22","s2_open_access_license":"CCBY","s2_open_access_status":"GREEN","pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Kelp forests along temperate and polar coastlines represent some of most diverse and productive habitats on the Earth. Here, we synthesize information from >60 years of research on the structure and functioning of kelp forest habitats in European waters, with particular emphasis on the coasts of UK and Ireland, which represents an important biogeographic transition zone that is subjected to multiple threats and stressors. We collated existing data on kelp distribution and abundance and reanalyzed these data to describe the structure of kelp forests along a spatial gradient spanning more than 10° of latitude. We then examined ecological goods and services provided by kelp forests, including elevated secondary production, nutrient cycling, energy capture and flow, coastal defense, direct applications, and biodiversity repositories, before discussing current and future threats posed to kelp forests and identifying key knowledge gaps. Recent evidence unequivocally demonstrates that the structure of kelp forests in the NE Atlantic is changing in response to climate- and non-climate-related stressors, which will have major implications for the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems. However, kelp-dominated habitats along much of the NE Atlantic coastline have been chronically understudied over recent decades in comparison with other regions such as Australasia and North America. The paucity of field-based research currently impedes our ability to conserve and manage these important ecosystems. Targeted observational and experimental research conducted over large spatial and temporal scales is urgently needed to address these knowledge gaps.","claims":[{"public_id":"cl_ca5d9834a5747c0905c99b83a62debc3","status":"active","text":"Kelp forest structure along the UK and Ireland coasts varies across a spatial gradient spanning more than 10 degrees of latitude.","confidence":0.86,"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_ca5d9834a5747c0905c99b83a62debc3"},{"public_id":"cl_ef58a643ba1802b8f0201d2cff363a39","status":"active","text":"Kelp forests provide ecological goods and services including secondary production, nutrient cycling, energy capture and flow, coastal defense, direct applications, and biodiversity repositories.","confidence":0.93,"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_ef58a643ba1802b8f0201d2cff363a39"},{"public_id":"cl_1744378391f2380e3964f1b9c8840d75","status":"active","text":"Kelp-dominated habitats along much of the NE Atlantic coastline have been chronically understudied compared with Australasia and North America.","confidence":0.91,"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_1744378391f2380e3964f1b9c8840d75"},{"public_id":"cl_bfe614bb5fd44a0581ac421263d40dac","status":"active","text":"The structure of kelp forests in the NE Atlantic is changing in response to climate- and non-climate-related stressors.","confidence":0.95,"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/claims/cl_bfe614bb5fd44a0581ac421263d40dac"}],"concepts":[{"public_id":"co_0492dca351e1eeb25a36484cb96a5cbe","status":"active","name":"coastal defense","description":"The protective role of kelp forests for coastlines against physical forces.","types":["ecosystem service"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_0492dca351e1eeb25a36484cb96a5cbe"},{"public_id":"co_088e0649b73252126f6a622c7e5cfc85","status":"active","name":"field-based research","description":"Observational or experimental research conducted directly in kelp forest environments.","types":["research approach"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_088e0649b73252126f6a622c7e5cfc85"},{"public_id":"co_1f14a0a259a9bbce80d5c7636e67d0b1","status":"active","name":"secondary production","description":"The production of animal and consumer biomass supported by kelp forest ecosystems.","types":["ecosystem process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_1f14a0a259a9bbce80d5c7636e67d0b1"},{"public_id":"co_247862f7afc3f9e3e76bd130c47fb30f","status":"active","name":"kelp forest structure","description":"The distribution, abundance, and ecological arrangement of kelp forests considered in the synthesis.","types":["ecosystem property"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_247862f7afc3f9e3e76bd130c47fb30f"},{"public_id":"co_3d7f804ae4a05b14ca0b84b808691c90","status":"active","name":"energy capture and flow","description":"The capture and transfer of energy through kelp forest food webs.","types":["ecosystem process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_3d7f804ae4a05b14ca0b84b808691c90"},{"public_id":"co_4325aa1dd43347a67698651ed0f401aa","status":"active","name":"kelp forest habitats","description":"Temperate and polar coastal habitats dominated by kelp forests in European waters.","types":["ecosystem"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_4325aa1dd43347a67698651ed0f401aa"},{"public_id":"co_622d46c27b3438cd81e09e141c228a3c","status":"active","name":"NE Atlantic kelp forests","description":"Kelp forest ecosystems located in the northeast Atlantic region.","types":["ecosystem"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_622d46c27b3438cd81e09e141c228a3c"},{"public_id":"co_62b6118d09d715ed5023d31ee187b8ad","status":"active","name":"climate- and non-climate-related stressors","description":"Environmental and human-driven pressures affecting kelp forests in the NE Atlantic.","types":["stressor"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_62b6118d09d715ed5023d31ee187b8ad"},{"public_id":"co_7ab92a38607e9557fff18e6913af6bff","status":"active","name":"kelp-dominated habitats","description":"Coastal habitats where kelp species are the dominant structural organisms.","types":["habitat"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7ab92a38607e9557fff18e6913af6bff"},{"public_id":"co_7e051c20f6a81429602af9346f184b15","status":"active","name":"ecological goods and services","description":"Benefits and functions provided by kelp forests to coastal ecosystems and people.","types":["ecosystem function"],"aliases":["ecosystem services"],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_7e051c20f6a81429602af9346f184b15"},{"public_id":"co_84b3aa76ce895ff94a21fe8ca0c90c0a","status":"active","name":"UK and Ireland coasts","description":"The coastal region emphasized as an important biogeographic transition zone in the review.","types":["geographic region"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_84b3aa76ce895ff94a21fe8ca0c90c0a"},{"public_id":"co_8ecb7e18f493ce650368722d80788f7f","status":"active","name":"nutrient cycling","description":"The movement and transformation of nutrients within kelp forest ecosystems.","types":["ecosystem process"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_8ecb7e18f493ce650368722d80788f7f"},{"public_id":"co_b227789d67472ef3ad2f1d398b9aa482","status":"active","name":"biodiversity repositories","description":"The role of kelp forests as habitats that support diverse biological communities.","types":["ecosystem service"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_b227789d67472ef3ad2f1d398b9aa482"},{"public_id":"co_f4d4b3ac21688b4fab4a4cd0cce711a1","status":"active","name":"NE Atlantic coastline","description":"The coastline of the northeast Atlantic considered in relation to kelp-dominated habitats.","types":["geographic region"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_f4d4b3ac21688b4fab4a4cd0cce711a1"},{"public_id":"co_fe3a9aba2ae275dbcc9fc14d404e1ba1","status":"active","name":"spatial gradient","description":"A geographic span of more than 10 degrees of latitude used to describe kelp forest structure.","types":["study design feature"],"aliases":[],"contributors":[{"id":136,"public_id":"3c2apqe3ut","public_label":"Anonymous (3c2apqe3ut)","roles":["extraction"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/3c2apqe3ut"},{"id":2,"public_id":"4715169a40","public_label":"AK (4715169a40)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/4715169a40"},{"id":17,"public_id":"322360f1c1","public_label":"Killer Whale (322360f1c1)","roles":["review"],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/u/322360f1c1"}],"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/concepts/co_fe3a9aba2ae275dbcc9fc14d404e1ba1"}],"external_ids":{"DOI":"10.1002/ece3.774","ArXiv":null,"PubMed":24198956,"PubMedCentral":"3810891","MAG":2106201104,"DBLP":null,"ACL":null},"open_access":{"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3810891?pdf=render","landing_url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/46a8b33068f3b466e8454b08c4f17cb62e66dd22","source":"semantic_scholar","pdf_url_source":"semantic_scholar_open_access_pdf","license":"CCBY","status":"GREEN","reason":null},"reference_availability":{"status":"available","references_indexed":true,"full_text_available":false,"full_text_source":null,"count_basis":"semantic_scholar_metadata","extraction_status":"not_applicable","reason":null},"source":{"provider":"episteme2","base_corpus":"semantic_scholar_dump","freshness_mode":"unknown","basis":["semantic_scholar_metadata","postgres_metadata"],"limits":["paper metadata is based on indexed upstream scholarly datasets","claims and concepts are available only for extracted papers","absence of claims or concepts means no extracted graph data is available in this response"],"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"diagnostics":{"status":"available","degraded":false,"degraded_reasons":[],"metadata_status":"available","graph_status":"available","abstract_status":"available"},"source_flags":5},"paper_id":630994,"paper_uid":"d415e391-12aa-463b-81f4-640e20c08f64","canonical_identity":{"paper_id":630994,"paper_uid":"d415e391-12aa-463b-81f4-640e20c08f64","identity_status":"available","lookup_basis":"semantic_scholar_external_id","compatibility_path":"corpus_id"},"url":"https://sah.borca.ai/papers/9220675"}