{"corpus_id":99695112,"paper_sha":"c1c3a8c9bf69f17f74c310aedfe0ebc686b2595d","doi":"10.5344/ajev.1995.46.3.324","arxiv_id":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"mag_id":2410989750,"dblp_id":null,"acl_id":null,"title":"Effects of Shoot Orientation on Growth, Net Photosynthesis, and Hydraulic Conductivity ofVitis viniferaL. cv. Cortese","year":1995,"publication_date":null,"venue":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","pages":null,"volume":null},"journal_issn":null,"journal_title":null,"publication_types":[],"pubmed_pub_types":null,"s2_fields_of_study":["Agricultural and Food Sciences","Chemistry"],"reference_count":0,"citation_count":31,"influential_citation_count":0,"is_open_access":false,"arxiv_categories":null,"arxiv_license":null,"arxiv_journal_ref":null,"mesh_headings":null,"chemicals":null,"comments_corrections":null,"source_flags":1,"s2_open_access_pdf_url":null,"s2_open_access_landing_url":null,"s2_open_access_license":null,"s2_open_access_status":null,"pmc_open_access_pdf_url":null,"pmc_open_access_landing_url":null,"pmc_open_access_license":null,"pmc_open_access_status":null,"unpaywall_open_access_pdf_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_landing_url":null,"unpaywall_open_access_license":null,"unpaywall_open_access_status":null,"abstract":"Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cortese) plants were grown in containers, and their single shoot was trained either upwards or it was bent to a horizontal or downward position. Clusters and lateral shoots were removed. Downward shoots had less leaf area and a lower stem diameter than did horizontal and upward shoots. In downward shoots, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, measured at maximum irradiance, were lower than in horizontal and upward shoots; these differences were more evident at the middle nodes of the shoot. The substomatal CO2 concentration was not affected by shoot orientation, suggesting a non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. This hypothesis was supported by a reduced protein content and a lower activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in leaves of downward shoots. Downward shoots also had less xylem transectional area and a lower hydraulic conductance than did horizontal and upward shoots. 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