Glaciers Dominate Eustatic Sea-Level Rise in the 21st Century

Ice loss to the sea currently accounts for virtually all of the sea-level rise that is not attributable to ocean warming, and about 60% of the ice loss is from glaciers and ice caps rather than from the two ice sheets. The contribution of these smaller glaciers has accelerated over the past decade, in part due to marked thinning and retreat of marine-terminating glaciers associated with a dynamic instability that is generally not considered in mass-balance and climate modeling. This acceleration of glacier melt may cause 0.1 to 0.25 meter of additional sea-level rise by 2100.

• Publication year

  2007

• Venue

  Science

• Publication date

  2007-08-24

• Fields of study

  Geology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1126/science.1143906PMID 17641167
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• A Semi-Empirical Approach to Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise

  2007cited by this paper
• Rapid Changes in Ice Discharge from Greenland Outlet Glaciers

  2007cited by this paper
• Recent Sea-Level Contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets

  2007cited by this paper
• Updated estimates of glacier volume changes in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska, and a comparison of regional extrapolation methods

  2006cited by this paper
• Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet

  2006cited by this paper
• Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: Consensus estimates for 1961–2004

  2006cited by this paper
• Low sea level rise projections from mountain glaciers and icecaps under global warming

  2006cited by this paper
• A simplified energy and mixing budget for a small river plume discharge

  2006cited by this paper
• Flow dynamics and iceberg calving rates of Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada

  2005cited by this paper
• Comment on “The potential for sea level rise: New estimates from glacier and ice cap area and volume distribution” by S. C. B. Raper and R. J. Braithwaite

  2005cited by this paper
• Evolving force balance at Columbia Glacier, Alaska, during its rapid retreat

  2005cited by this paper
• Snow patch and glacier size distributions

  2000cited by this paper
• Global distributions of glacier properties: A stochastic scaling paradigm

  1997cited by this paper
• Fast tidewater glaciers

  1987cited by this paper

• Near‐Term Future Sea‐Level Projections Supported by Extrapolation of Tide‐Gauge Observations

  2025cites this paper
• Assessing glacier changes and hydrological impacts in the upper Indus Basin under CMIP6 climate scenarios

  2025cites this paper
• Warming of +1.5 °C is too high for polar ice sheets

  2025cites this paper
• Evaluating the Role of Internal Climate Variability and Bias Adjustment Methods on Decadal Glacier Projections

  2025cites this paper
• Segmentation of Glacier Area Using U-Net through Landsat Satellite Imagery for Quantification of Glacier Recession and Its Impact on Marine Systems

  2024cites this paper
• Assessing the impacts of climate change on the vulnerability of coastal aquifers to the seawater intrusion

  2024cites this paper
• Decadal Variations in Equatorial Ellipticity and Principal Axis of the Earth from Satellite Laser Ranging/GRACE

  2024cites this paper
• EMBRACING NATURE: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND WATER CONSERVATION

  2024cites this paper
• Abating water storage and associated hydrological processes in Indian Himalayan river basins

  2024cites this paper
• A 3D glacier dynamics–line plume model to estimate the frontal ablation of Hansbreen, Svalbard

  2024cites this paper
• Revealing the remarkably improved structural, phonon, elastic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of TlXF3(X = Ca, Cd) for energy applications using first-principles approach with hybrid and range-separated hybrid functionals

  2024cites this paper
• Automated ablation stakes to constrain temperature-index melt models

  2023cites this paper
• Cooling glaciers in a warming climate since the Little Ice Age at Qaanaaq, northwest Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)

  2023cites this paper
• C20 and C30 Variations From SLR for GRACE/GRACE‐FO Science Applications

  2023cites this paper
• Meltwater runoff and glacier mass balance in the high Arctic: 1991–2022 simulations for Svalbard

  2023cites this paper
• Divergent glacier area and elevation changes across the Tibetan Plateau in the early 21st century

  2023cites this paper
• Impacts of climate change on glacial retreat during 1990–2021 in the Chinese Altay Mountains

  2023cites this paper
• Using Random Forest for Future Sea Level Prediction

  2023cites this paper
• Updating glacier inventories on the periphery of Antarctica and Greenland using multi-source data

  2023cites this paper
• Climatic and seismic data-driven deep learning model for earthquake magnitude prediction

  2023cites this paper
• The Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Glacier Activities in the Eastern Pamir Plateau Investigated by Time Series Sub-Pixel Offsets From Sentinel-2 Optical Images

  2023cites this paper
• Sea level rise from West Antarctic mass loss significantly modified by large snowfall anomalies

  2023cites this paper
• The Aneto Glacier (Central Pyrenees) evolution from 1981 to 2022: ice loss observed from historic aerial image photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques

  2023cites this paper
• Response of glacier modelling parameters to time, space, and model complexity: Examples from eastern slopes of Canadian Rocky Mountains.

  2023cites this paper
• A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Remote Sensing Methods for Glacier Mass Balance Research

  2023cites this paper
• Measuring Glacier Elevation Change by Tracking Shadows on Satellite Monoscopic Optical Images

  2023cites this paper
• Glacier contribution to lowland streamflow: A multi-year, daily geochemical hydrograph separation study in subarctic Alaska

  2023cites this paper
• The Aneto glacier's (Central Pyrenees) evolution from 1981 to 2022: ice loss observed from historic aerial image photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques

  2023cites this paper
• “SeaWARRDD”: Coastal Warning and Rapid Response Data Density: Rethinking Coastal Ocean Observing, Intelligence, Resilience, and Prediction

  2022cites this paper
• Evaluation of Albedo Schemes in WRF Coupled with Noah-MP on the Parlung No. 4 Glacier

  2022cites this paper
• Assessing glacial lake outburst flood potential using geospatial techniques: a case study of western part of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

  2022cites this paper
• Evidences of Bedrock Forcing on Glacier Morphodynamics: A Case Study in Italian Alps

  2022cites this paper
• Inferring Mass Loss by Measuring Contemporaneous Deformation around the Helheim Glacier, Southeastern Greenland, Using Sentinel-1 InSAR

  2022cites this paper
• The development of input-monitoring system on biofuel economics and social welfare analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Diversity, distribution, and function of bacteria in the supraglacial region hit by glacial lake outburst flood in northern Pakistan

  2022cites this paper
• Long-term records of glacier evolution and associated proglacial lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (1976‒2020)

  2022cites this paper
• Laboratory Experiments on Ice Melting: A Need for Understanding Dynamics at the Ice-Water Interface

  2022cites this paper
• Accelerated Glacier Mass Loss over Svalbard Derived from ICESat-2 in 2019–2021

  2022cites this paper
• Coastal Erosion and Flooding Threaten Low-Lying Coastal Tracts at Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy)

  2022cites this paper
• Variations in glacier coverage in the Himalayas based on optical satellite data over the past 25 years

  2022cites this paper
• Seasonality of Glacial Snow and Ice Microbial Communities

  2022cites this paper
• Fe2O3/TiO2 oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of CO, H2, and CH4 in a fluidized bed reactor

  2022cites this paper
• Sea level rise may contribute to the greening of Arctic coastal freshwaters – Implications from the ontogeny of Greiner Lake, Nunavut, Canada

  2022cites this paper
• Globally elevated chemical weathering rates beneath glaciers

  2022cites this paper
• A Short Review on Causes of Sea Level Rise for Climate Monitoring

  2022cites this paper
• Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100

  2022cites this paper
• The Aneto Glacier (Central Pyrenees) evolution from 1981 to 2022: ice loss observed from historic aerial image photogrammetry and recent remote sensing techniques

  2022cites this paper
• Influence of water allocation on bioenergy production under climate change: A stochastic mathematical programming approach

  2021cites this paper
• Μέθοδοι αποκατάστασης ζημιών και ενίσχυσης λιμενικών έργων - Εφαρμογή στο λιμένα Ευδήλου Ικαρίας

  2021cites this paper
• Estimation of glacier stored water in the Bhaga basin using laminar flow and volume-area scaling methods

  2021cites this paper
• Climate-driven acceleration of glacier mass loss on global and regional scales during 1961–2016

  2021cites this paper
• Ice thickness and volume of the Renland Ice Cap, East Greenland

  2021cites this paper
• Investigating the relationship between earthquake occurrences and climate change using RNN-based deep learning approach

  2021cites this paper
• Impact of Climate Change on Drinking Water Resources in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya

  2021cites this paper
• Glaciers and climate change

  2021cites this paper
• Quantifying Surface Changes on McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

  2021cites this paper
• The Global Water Cycle

  2020cites this paper
• ON EARLY HUMAN MIGRATIONS TO THE AMERICAS

  2020cites this paper
• An imbalancing act: the dynamic response of the Kaskawulsh Glacier to a changing mass budget

  2020cites this paper
• The dynamics of a subglacial salt wedge

  2020cites this paper
• Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India

  2020cites this paper
• Environmental Science - A Ground Zero Observation on the Indian Subcontinent

  2020cites this paper
• An imbalancing act: the delayed dynamic response of the Kaskawulsh Glacier to sustained mass loss

  2020cites this paper
• Distinguishing Glaciers between Surging and Advancing by Remote Sensing: A Case Study in the Eastern Karakoram

  2020cites this paper
• Estimation of glacier mass loss and its contribution to river runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River during 2000–2018

  2020cites this paper
• Glacier variations in the Himalaya from 1990 to 2015 based on remote sensing

  2020cites this paper
• An Oceanographic Perspective on Early Human Migrations to the Americas

  2020cites this paper
• The Science of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise

  2020cites this paper
• A non-local continuum poro-damage mechanics model for hydrofracturing of surface crevasses in grounded glaciers

  2020cites this paper
• Sea-level inundation and risk assessment along the south and southwest coasts of Sri Lanka

  2020cites this paper
• Complex Patterns of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Change Resolved by Time‐Dependent Rate Modeling of GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Observations

  2020cites this paper
• Ice thickness distribution and volume estimation of Burqin Glacier No. 18 in the Chinese Altay Mountains

  2020cites this paper
• Spatial Distribution of the Input of Insoluble Particles Into the Surface of the Qaanaaq Glacier, Northwestern Greenland

  2020cites this paper
• The Response of Glaciers to Climate Change: Observations and Impacts

  2020cites this paper
• Reconciling Svalbard Glacier Mass Balance

  2020cites this paper
• Stick‐Slip Tremor Beneath an Alpine Glacier

  2020cites this paper
• In full transition: Key impacts of vanishing mountain ice on water-security at local to global scales

  2020cites this paper
• Culture Independent Diversity of Bacterial Communities Indigenous to Lower Altitude at Laohugou Glacial Environment

  2020cites this paper
• Sea-Level Rise

  2020cites this paper
• Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic Mountain Glaciers

  2020cites this paper
• Examining geodetic glacier mass balance in the eastern Pamir transition zone

  2020cites this paper
• Basic Physics and the Shape of Glaciers

  2020cites this paper
• Characterisation of the subglacial environment using geophysical constrained Bayesian inversion techniques

  2020cites this paper
• Ice-marginal lake hydrology and the seasonal dynamical evolution of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska

  2020cites this paper
• Examining tourist preferences to slow glacier loss: evidence from Alaska

  2020cites this paper
• Sea-Level Change along the Emilia-Romagna Coast from Tide Gauge and Satellite Altimetry

  2020cites this paper
• Climate Change: Threat of Era

  2020cites this paper
• References

  2020cites this paper
• Continuity of the Mass Loss of the World's Glaciers and Ice Caps From the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions

  2020cites this paper
• Stress and velocity distribution in an idealized glacier

  2019cites this paper
• Glacier Surface Velocity Estimation & Facies Classification using InSAR and Multi-Temporal SAR Techniques in Indian Himalaya

  2019cites this paper
• Assessment of glacier stored water in Karakoram Himalaya using satellite remote sensing and field investigation

  2019cites this paper
• Finite strain and the origin of foliation

  2019cites this paper
• The velocity field in a glacier

  2019cites this paper
• Ice streams and ice shelves

  2019cites this paper
• Meteorology and summer net radiation of an Arctic alpine glacier: Svenbreen, Svalbard

  2019cites this paper
• Drivers and impacts of water level fluctuations in the Mississippi River delta: Implications for delta restoration

  2019cites this paper
• Descente d'échelle statistique du niveau de la mer pour les îles du Pacifique Sud-Ouest : une approche de régression linéaire multiple

  2019cites this paper
• Flow and fracture of a crystalline material

  2019cites this paper
• Processes and feedbacks associated with iceberg calving and subaqueous terminus morphology, Tasman/Haupapa Glacier, New Zealand.

  2019cites this paper