Cancers of the Cervix, Vulva, and Vagina

Abstract This chapter covers cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, and vaginal cancer. It discusses the etiology, diagnosis, and pathologic features of all the different cancers in each category. Diagnosis and treatment of preinvasive in addition to invasive disease in all three categories are examined, including surgical therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Recent studies and evidence in the diagnosis and treatment of these three very different cancers are reported.

• Publication year

  2020

• Venue

  Abeloff's Clinical Oncology

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/B978-1-4557-2865-7.00087-4
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

  2018cited by this paper
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma has a worse prognosis than HPV‐associated disease: a retrospective cohort study

  2017cited by this paper
• HPV vaccines - A review of the first decade.

  2017cited by this paper
• Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2014, Featuring Survival

  2017cited by this paper
• Consensus Recommendations for Radiation Therapy Contouring and Treatment of Vulvar Carcinoma.

  2016cited by this paper
• Prognostic importance of human papillomavirus (HPV) and p16 positivity in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated with radiotherapy.

  2016cited by this paper
• Survival outcomes for patients with stage IVB vulvar cancer with grossly positive pelvic lymph nodes: time to reconsider the FIGO staging system?

  2015cited by this paper
• Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline recommendations.

  2015cited by this paper
• ADXS11-001 immunotherapy targeting HPV-E7: Final results from a phase 2 study in Indian women with recurrent cervical cancer.

  2014cited by this paper
• Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer.

  2014cited by this paper
• Feasibility and performance of lymphoscintigraphy in sentinel lymph node biopsy for early cervical cancer: results of the prospective multicenter SENTICOL study

  2014cited by this paper
• Reduction in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among young women following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003-2010.

  2013cited by this paper
• Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Brachytherapy for Cancer of the Cervix

  2013cited by this paper
• Preoperative intensity modulated radiation therapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced vulvar carcinoma: analysis of pattern of relapse.

  2013cited by this paper
• American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer

  2012cited by this paper
• American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part II: high-dose-rate brachytherapy.

  2012cited by this paper
• American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part III: low-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy.

  2012cited by this paper
• Bilateral negative sentinel nodes accurately predict absence of lymph node metastasis in early cervical cancer: results of the SENTICOL study.

  2011cited by this paper
• A phase II trial of radiation therapy and weekly cisplatin chemotherapy for the treatment of locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a gynecologic oncology group study.

  2011cited by this paper
• Conservative management of early stage cervical cancer: is there a role for less radical surgery?

  2011cited by this paper
• Phase III, open-label, randomized study comparing concurrent gemcitabine plus cisplatin and radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent cisplatin and radiation in patients with stage IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix.

  2011cited by this paper
• Prognostic factors for response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

  2010cited by this paper
• Phase III Trial of Four Cisplatin-Containing Doublet Combinations in Stage IVB, Recurrent, or Persistent Cervical Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

  2010cited by this paper
• Phase II, open-label study of pazopanib or lapatinib monotherapy compared with pazopanib plus lapatinib combination therapy in patients with advanced and recurrent cervical cancer.

  2010cited by this paper
• Bartholin gland carcinoma.

  2010cited by this paper
• Size of sentinel-node metastasis and chances of non-sentinel-node involvement and survival in early stage vulvar cancer: results from GROINSS-V, a multicentre observational study.

  2010cited by this paper
• Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium

  2009cited by this paper
• Parametrial Involvement in Radical Hysterectomy Specimens for Women With Early-Stage Cervical Cancer

  2009cited by this paper
• Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 18 randomized trials.

  2008cited by this paper
• Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer.

  2008cited by this paper
• Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing concurrent single agent cisplatin, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, or hydroxyurea during pelvic irradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

  2007cited by this paper
• Primary adenocarcinoma of the vagina not associated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure.

  2007cited by this paper
• A phase III randomized trial of postoperative pelvic irradiation in Stage IB cervical carcinoma with poor prognostic features: follow-up of a gynecologic oncology group study.

  2006cited by this paper
• Definitive radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina.

  2005cited by this paper
• The impact of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen in patients with advanced cancer of uterine cervix treated with (chemo-)radiotherapy.

  2005cited by this paper
• Risk stratification of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of cervix treated by radiotherapy alone.

  2005cited by this paper
• Posttherapy [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in carcinoma of the cervix: response and outcome.

  2004cited by this paper
• Pelvic irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy versus pelvic and para-aortic irradiation for high-risk cervical cancer: an update of radiation therapy oncology group trial (RTOG) 90-01.

  2004cited by this paper
• Phase III study of cisplatin with or without paclitaxel in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study.

  2004cited by this paper
• Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: outcome and patterns of recurrence.

  2004cited by this paper
• Cetuximab prolongs survival in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: A phase III study of high dose radiation therapy with or without cetuximab.

  2004cited by this paper
• Risk of occult inguinofemoral lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinoma of the vulva.

  2003cited by this paper
• Prognostic factors in neuroendocrine small cell cervical carcinoma

  2003cited by this paper
• Anemia in cervical cancers: impact on survival, patterns of relapse, and association with hypoxia and angiogenesis.

  2003cited by this paper
• Human papillomavirus infection and time to progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

  2003cited by this paper
• Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis

  2003cited by this paper
• Radiation therapy with and without extrafascial hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma: a randomized trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

  2003cited by this paper
• The role of radiation therapy in preventing regional recurrences of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.

  2003cited by this paper
• A Randomized Trial of the Sleeved Cytobrush and the Endocervical Curette

  2003cited by this paper
• Sentinel node identification and the ability to detect metastatic tumor to inguinal lymph nodes in squamous cell cancer of the vulva.

  2003cited by this paper
• Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted immunoliposomes mediate specific and efficient drug delivery to EGFR- and EGFRvIII-overexpressing tumor cells.

  2003cited by this paper
• Results of a randomized trial on the management of cytology interpretations of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.

  2003cited by this paper
• 2001 Consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

  2003cited by this paper
• Concurrent mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix: a randomized trial.

  2003cited by this paper
• A randomized study of primary bleomycin, vincristine, mitomycin and cisplatin (BOMP) chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage IIIB and IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

  2003cited by this paper
• Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in young women: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases.

  2002cited by this paper
• Small cell carcinoma of the cervix: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases.

  2002cited by this paper
• Environmental co-factors in HPV carcinogenesis.

  2002cited by this paper
• The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology.

  2002cited by this paper
• Salvage hemipelvis radiotherapy with fertility preservation in an adolescent with recurrent vulvar carcinoma.

  2002cited by this paper
• American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer

  2002cited by this paper
• A nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: guidelines and feasibility in Western patients

  2002cited by this paper
• Evaluation of the effect of routine packed red blood cell transfusion in anemic cervix cancer patients treated with radical radiotherapy.

  2002cited by this paper
• Long-term results of low-dose-rate interstitial-intracavitary brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.

  2002cited by this paper
• The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.

  2002cited by this paper
• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia treated with cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration.

  2002cited by this paper
• Liposomal doxorubicin for treatment of metastatic chemorefractory vulvar adenocarcinoma.

  2002cited by this paper
• Phase III trial comparing radical radiotherapy with and without cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the cervix.

  2002cited by this paper
• A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine.

  2002cited by this paper
• Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer.

  2002cited by this paper
• Randomized trial of cisplatin and ifosfamide with or without bleomycin in squamous carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study.

  2002cited by this paper
• The clinical application of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen level monitoring in invasive cervical carcinoma.

  2002cited by this paper
• Prospective evaluation of positron emission tomography for the detection of groin node metastases from vulvar cancer.

  2002cited by this paper
• MR imaging of carcinoma of the vulva.

  2002cited by this paper
• Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later

  2001cited by this paper
• Accuracy of the Papanicolaou Test in Screening for and Follow‐up of Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities: A Systematic Review

  2001cited by this paper
• Experience with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in previously untreated children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic diseases.

  2001cited by this paper
• Bleomycin, methotrexate, and CCNU in locally advanced or recurrent, inoperable, squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: an EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group Study. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer.

  2001cited by this paper
• Advanced primary carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: report of 18 patients.

  2001cited by this paper
• The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

  2001cited by this paper
• Addition of high-risk HPV testing improves the current guidelines on follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

  2001cited by this paper
• Impact of hemoglobin levels before and during concurrent chemoradiotherapy on the response of treatment in patients with cervical carcinoma

  2001cited by this paper
• The role of surgery in invasive squamous carcinoma of the vagina.

  2001cited by this paper
• Shanxi Province Cervical Cancer Screening Study: a cross-sectional comparative trial of multiple techniques to detect cervical neoplasia.

  2001cited by this paper
• Lymph node staging by positron emission tomography in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.

  2001cited by this paper
• Predictors of complications after inguinal lymphadenectomy.

  2001cited by this paper
• The American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for low-dose-rate brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix.

  2001cited by this paper
• CT evaluation of cervical cancer: spectrum of disease.

  2001cited by this paper
• Bartholin's gland carcinoma: a 15-year experience.

  2001cited by this paper
• HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening: results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica.

  2000cited by this paper
• Socioeconomic characteristics of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radiotherapy in the 1992 to 1994 patterns of care study.

  2000cited by this paper
• MR imaging of cervical carcinoma: a practical staging approach.

  2000cited by this paper
• Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix.

  2000cited by this paper
• Chemoradiation as primary or adjuvant treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva.

  2000cited by this paper
• Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of uterine cervical cancer: pharmacokinetic analysis with histopathologic correlation and its importance in predicting the outcome of radiation therapy.

  2000cited by this paper
• Interim results of a randomized trial of mitomycin C as an adjunct to radical radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous‐cell carcinoma of the cervix

  2000cited by this paper
• Preliminary results of chemoradiation as a primary treatment for vulvar carcinoma.

  2000cited by this paper
• Efficacy of cytotoxic agents against human tumor xenografts is markedly enhanced by coadministration of ZD1839 (Iressa), an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase.

  2000cited by this paper
• Preoperative chemo-radiation for carcinoma of the vulva with N2/N3 nodes: a gynecologic oncology group study.

  2000cited by this paper
• The bulky 6-cm barrel-shaped lesion of the cervix: primary surgery and postoperative chemoradiation.

  2000cited by this paper

• Prevalence of Cervical Pap Smear Epithelial Abnormalities in Iraqi Women and Its Correlation with Histopathology

  2025cites this paper
• Cervical Cancer Awareness and Screening Practices Among Women in Benghazi: A Cross-Sectional Study (2023)

  2025cites this paper
• Gynecologic Cancer Screening and Prevention: State of the Science and Practice

  2025cites this paper
• Overview of granular cell tumor general hospitals in Iraq over 11-years

  2024cites this paper
• A Hybrid Model Combining CNN-SVM for Cervical Cancer Classification

  2024cites this paper
• A Novel Framework Leveraging Adam Optimization Techniques, Coupled with Mask R-CNN Deep Learning Mechanisms for Cervical Cancer Detection System

  2024cites this paper
• Factors Associated with Unsatisfactory Pap Tests Among Sexually Active Trans Masculine Adults

  2023cites this paper
• Deep Learning in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Architecture, Opportunities, and Open Research Challenges

  2023cites this paper
• Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus in Oman

  2021cites this paper
• Prevalence of Cytological Abnormalities in Papanicolaou Smears and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Among Women in Muscat, Oman

  2021cites this paper
• Gynecologic tumor board: a radiologist’s guide to vulvar and vaginal malignancies

  2021cites this paper
• Prevalence of Cytological Abnormalities in Papanicolaou Smears and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Among Women in Muscat, Oman

  2021cites this paper
• Cervical Cancer Profile in dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Year 2013

  2020cites this paper
• A Review of Computational Methods for Cervical Cells Segmentation and Abnormality Classification

  2019cites this paper
• Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Based on Cervical Cytology Specimen

  2019influential citation
• The Usefulness of Ultrasound Imaging in Gynecologic Oncology.

  2018cites this paper
• Prevencija karcinoma vrata maternice

  2018influential citation
• Potential anti-cervical carcinoma drugs with agonist and antagonist AhR/PXR activities

  2016cites this paper
• Feasibility of Concurrent Chemoradiation in Cervical Cancer Patients From Rural Background

  2014cites this paper
• A Review on Role of Human Papilomma Virus(HPV) In Cervical Cancer

  2014cites this paper
• Radiation therapy complications in patients with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma.

  2013influential citation
• Deep Learning in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Framework, Prospects, and Unrestricted Research Issues

  year unknowncites this paper