Antiviral activity of monoterpenes beta-pinene and limonene against herpes simplex virus in vitro

Background and Objectives Essential oils are complex mixtures containing compounds of several different functional- group classes. Depending on the structure, we can distinguish monoterpenes, phenylpropanes, and other components. Here in this study two monoterpene compounds of essential oils, i.e. β-pinene and limonene were examined for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Material and Methods All antiviral assays were performed using RC-37 cells. Cytotoxicity was determined in a neutral red assay, antiviral assays were performed with HSV-1 strain KOS. The mode of antiviral action was evaluated at different periods during the viral replication cycle. Acyclovir was used as positive antiviral control. Results Beta-pinenene and limonenen reduced viral infectivity by 100 %. The mode of antiviral action has been determined, only moderate antiviral effects were revealed by monoterpenes when these drugs were added to host cells prior infection or after entry of HSV into cells. However, both monoterpenes exhibited high anti-HSV-1 activity by direct interaction with free virus particles. Both tested drugs interacted with HSV-1 in a dose-dependent manner thereby inactivating viral infection. Conclusions These results suggest that monoterpenes in essential oils exhibit antiherpetic activity in the early phase of viral multiplication and might be used as potential antiviral agents.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  Iranian Journal of Microbiology

• Publication date

  2014-06-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  PMID 25870747PMCID 4393490
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• In vitro and in vivo anti-tobacco mosaic virus activities of essential oils and individual compounds.

  2013cited by this paper
• Comparative Study on In Vitro Activities of Citral, Limonene and Essential Oils from Lippia citriodora and L. alba on Yellow Fever Virus

  2013cited by this paper
• Screening for Antiviral Activities of Isolated Compounds from Essential Oils

  2011cited by this paper
• Comparative Anti-Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Activity of (-)-Pinene: Effect on Nucleocapsid (N) Protein

  2011cited by this paper
• Plant‐Microbe Interactions and Secondary Metabolites with Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Properties

  2010cited by this paper
• Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils

  2009cited by this paper
• Comparative in vitro study on the anti-herpetic effect of phytochemically characterized aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis grown at two different locations.

  2008cited by this paper
• Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus IE gene expression by dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes isolated from Euonymus species.

  2008cited by this paper
• Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2.

  2008cited by this paper
• Structure-based virtual screening for the discovery of natural inhibitors for human rhinovirus coat protein.

  2008cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Hedychium coronarium

  2007cited by this paper
• Susceptibility of Drug-Resistant Clinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains to Essential Oils of Ginger, Thyme, Hyssop, and Sandalwood

  2007cited by this paper
• Effect of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Respiratory Bacteria and Viruses

  2007cited by this paper
• Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro 'proof-of-concept'.

  2006cited by this paper
• Anticandidal low molecular compounds from higher plants with special reference to compounds from essential oils

  2006cited by this paper
• Virucidal activity of a beta-triketone-rich essential oil of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka oil) against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cell culture.

  2005cited by this paper
• Activity of medicinal plant extracts against hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  2005cited by this paper
• Survey of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in the Netherlands: prevalence and characterization.

  2005cited by this paper
• Antiviral Terpenoid Constituents of Ganoderma pfeifferi.

  2005cited by this paper
• Antiviral drugs in current clinical use.

  2004cited by this paper
• The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia ( tea tree ) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi

  2002cited by this paper
• Herpes simplex virus infections.

  2001cited by this paper
• In vitro and in vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus

  2000cited by this paper
• Inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and prevention of cell-to-cell virus spread by Santolina insularis essential oil.

  2000cited by this paper
• Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2.

  1999cited by this paper
• Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1.

  1999cited by this paper
• Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil.

  1999cited by this paper
• Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their Exploitation in Biotechnology

  1999cited by this paper
• New therapeutic approaches to the alphaherpesvirus infections.

  1997cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Antiviral Activities of Salvia fructicosa Essential Oil

  1997cited by this paper
• Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• Herpesvirus resistance to antiviral drugs: a review of the mechanisms, clinical importance and therapeutic options.

  1996cited by this paper
• Characterization of antiviral activity of a sesquiterpene, triptofordin C-2.

  1996cited by this paper
• Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms.

  1995cited by this paper
• Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis.

  1992cited by this paper
• [Prediction of LD50 values by cell culture].

  1987cited by this paper
• Herpes simplex virus infections

  1984cited by this paper
• Infections caused by herpes simplex virus in the immunocompromised host: natural history and topical acyclovir therapy.

  1984cited by this paper

• Impacts associated with the excessive use of quaternary ammonium salts in disinfectants and a perspective for their substitution

  2025cites this paper
• Sustainable antimicrobial and antibiofilm strategies: Monoterpene-based compounds as potential substitute for low-molecular-weight biocides in the coating industry

  2025cites this paper
• Phytochemistry and antimicrobial potential of off-grade white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oils extracted using microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD)

  2025cites this paper
• Assessment of Viroid Transmission Risk From Citrus Essential Oils

  2025cites this paper
• Essential oils expose diverse targets on non-enveloped ScV-L-A totivirus

  2025cites this paper
• Medicinal potential of Thuja occidentalis and its essential oil

  2025influential citation
• Limonene alleviated ulcerative colitis via anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and regulating intestinal microenvironment in vivo and in vitro

  2025cites this paper
• Physico-Chemical, Rheological, and Antiviral Properties of Poly(butylene succinate) Biocomposites with Terpene—Hydrophobized Montmorillonite

  2025cites this paper
• Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and In VivoToxicity of Essential Oils Extracted from Mixtures of Plants and Spices

  2025cites this paper
• Terpenoids in Essential Oils: Chemistry, Classification, and Potential Impact on Human Health and Industry

  2024cites this paper
• Eucalyptus Oils Phytochemical Composition in Correlation with Their Newly Explored Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Potential: in Vitro and in Silico Approaches

  2024cites this paper
• Medicinal Plants against Viral Infections: A Review of Metabolomics Evidence for the Antiviral Properties and Potentials in Plant Sources

  2024cites this paper
• In Vitro Virucidal Activity of Different Essential Oils against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Used as Surrogate of Human Hepatitis C Virus

  2024cites this paper
• Molecular docking, dynamic simulation, and ADME/T analysis of Natural Compounds as potential therapeutic candidate against Hepatitis E virus

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and their active principles in dental care: A comprehensive review

  2024cites this paper
• Regulation of NS5B Polymerase Activity of Hepatitis C Virus by Target Specific Phytotherapeutics: An In-Silico Molecular Dynamics Approach

  2024cites this paper
• Antioxidant Activity, Antiproliferative Activity, Antiviral Activity, NO Production Inhibition, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of Leaves, Flower Buds, and Stems of Tetradenia riparia

  2024cites this paper
• Uncovering and evaluating coconut oil-loaded silica nanoemulsion as anti-viral, bacterial, and fungal: synthesis, fabrication, characterization, and biosafety profiles

  2024cites this paper
• D-Limonene: Promising and Sustainable Natural Bioactive Compound

  2024cites this paper
• Ligand-based drug design against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 capsid protein by modification of limonene through in silico approaches

  2024cites this paper
• Synthesis of Citral-Tryptamine Fused Selenium Nanospheres (CT@SeNP's) and Exploration of their Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Electrochemical Sensor Applications

  2024cites this paper
• Antivirale und viruzide Eigenschaften von ätherischen Ölen und ihren isolierten Verbindungen – Stand der präklinischen Forschung

  2024cites this paper
• Terpenes and cannabidiol against human corona and influenza viruses–Anti-inflammatory and antiviral in vitro evaluation

  2024cites this paper
• Antiviral Natural Products, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications as Sanitizers and Disinfectants

  2023cites this paper
• In Vivo Evaluation of the Potential of Thyme and Lemon Hydrolates as Processing Aids to Reduce Norovirus Concentration during Oyster Depuration

  2023cites this paper
• Current and Potential Applications of Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives in Oral Health Care

  2023influential citation
• Phytochemical compounds present in COVI-MXG herbal preparation inhibits RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2: A molecular docking study

  2023cites this paper
• Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Aqueous Extract as Potential Ingredients for a Biopesticide: Phytotoxicity in Soybean and Activity against Soybean Mosaic Virus

  2023cites this paper
• Essential Oils: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activities

  2023cites this paper
• Tea tree oil, a vibrant source of neuroprotection via neuroinflammation inhibition: a critical insight into repurposing Melaleuca alternifolia by unfolding its characteristics

  2023cites this paper
• Discovery of Terpenes as Novel HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors via Molecular Docking

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of Lamiaceae family plants and their bioactive ingredients on coronavirus‐induced lung inflammation

  2023cites this paper
• Thyme essential oil inhibits intracellular replication of CyHV-3 and inactivates extracellular virus. An in vitro study.

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of Essential Oils and Hydrolates on the Infectivity of Murine Norovirus

  2023cites this paper
• GC/MS Analysis, Cytotoxicity, and Antiviral Activities of Annona glabra Hexane Extract Supported by In Silico Study

  2023cites this paper
• A study on antifungal activity of thymol, eugenol, and 1,8-cineole against Botrytis cinerea Persoon isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera Linné)

  2023cites this paper
• Targeting natural products against SARS-CoV-2

  2022cites this paper
• Biologically active polyphenolic compounds from Lespedeza bicolor.

  2022cites this paper
• Virucidal Activity of Essential Oils From Citrus x aurantium L. Against Influenza A Virus H1N1: Limonene as a Potential Household Disinfectant Against Virus

  2022cites this paper
• Volatile Organic Compound Composition and Glandular Trichome Characteristics of In Vitro Propagated Clinopodium pulegium (Rochel) Bräuchler: Effect of Carbon Source

  2022cites this paper
• Possible role of Kolaviron, a Garcinia kola bioflavonoid in inflammation associated COVID-19 infection

  2022cites this paper
• BOLETIN LATINOAMERICANO Y DEL CARIBE DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Y AROMÁTICAS

  2022cites this paper
• Cannabis as antivirals.

  2022cites this paper
• The ethnobotanical properties and medicinal application of essential oils of Ziziphora persica Bunge from different habitats: A review

  2022cites this paper
• Phytochemical composition, bioactive properties, and toxicological profile of Tetrapleura tetraptera.

  2022cites this paper
• Ultrastructural Damages to H1N1 Influenza Virus Caused by Vapor Essential Oils

  2022cites this paper
• Role of Diet and Nutrients in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Incidence on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Status and Viral Production

  2022cites this paper
• Essential Oils, Phytoncides, Aromachology, and Aromatherapy—A Review

  2022cites this paper
• Nanodelivery systems for d-limonene; techniques and applications.

  2022cites this paper
• Agathis robusta Bark Essential Oil Effectiveness against COVID-19: Chemical Composition, In Silico and In Vitro Approaches

  2022cites this paper
• Herbal terpenoids in healthcare

  2022cites this paper
• Conversion of Geraniol into Useful Value-Added Products in the Presence of Catalysts of Natural Origin: Diatomite and Alum

  2022cites this paper
• Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and selected compounds from the chemical entities of biological interest

  2021cites this paper
• Essential oils as an effective alternative for the treatment of COVID-19: Molecular interaction analysis of protease (Mpro) with pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties

  2021cites this paper
• Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological activities.

  2021cites this paper
• Current State and Promising Opportunities on Pharmaceutical Approaches in the Treatment of Polymicrobial Diseases

  2021cites this paper
• In Vitro Evaluation of the Activity of Terpenes and Cannabidiol against Human Coronavirus E229

  2021cites this paper
• Antiviral activity on the Zika virus and larvicidal activity on the Aedes spp. of Lippia alba essential oil and β-caryophyllene

  2021cites this paper
• Virucidal and virostatic in vitro activity of ELOM-080 against respiratory pathogens

  2021cites this paper
• Medicinal VOCs in Plants Recommended for Prairie Strips and Pollinator Gardens as Prophylactic and Curative Support for Pollinating Insects: A Review

  2021cites this paper
• Hop Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Extraction, Analysis, and Applications

  2021cites this paper
• The importance of tropical edible fruit plants for tribal communities in East Aceh region, Indonesia

  2021cites this paper
• Clinical and In-Silico study of COVID‑19 patients using Thymus capitatus extract as adjuvant Therapy

  2021cites this paper
• Volatiles and Antifungal-Antibacterial-Antiviral Activity of South African Salvia spp. Essential Oils Cultivated in Uniform Conditions

  2021influential citation
• Clinical and In-Silico Study of COVID-19 Patients Using Thymus Capitatus Extract as Adjuvant Therapy

  2021cites this paper
• Antiviral and Virucidal Properties of Essential Oils and Isolated Compounds – A Scientific Approach

  2021cites this paper
• Ethnobotanical survey on plants used by traditional healers to fight against COVID-19 in Fez city, Northern Morocco

  2021cites this paper
• A Study on the Classification of Essential Oils Based on the Physicochemical Properties of Chemical Constituents: Focused on Relative Density, Molecular Weight, Solubility, Flash Point

  2021cites this paper
• Plant Secondary Metabolites with an Overview of Populus

  2021cites this paper
• Cytotoxicity and Antiviral Activities of Haplophyllum tuberculatum Essential Oils, Pure Compounds, and Their Combinations against Coxsackievirus B3 and B4

  2021cites this paper
• Endemic Juniperus gracilior varieties of the Hispaniola island, tree taxa of environmental and economic relevance and a valuable phytochemical source

  2021cites this paper
• Usage of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds as Biological Modulators of Disease

  2021influential citation
• Journey of Limonene as an Antimicrobial Agent

  2021cites this paper
• New terpenic and phenolic compounds from Suaeda monoica reverse oxidative and apoptotic damages in human endothelial cells

  2021cites this paper
• Potential of Marine Terpenoids against SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Drug Development Approach

  2021cites this paper
• Essential oils from Ocotea species: Chemical variety, biological activities and geographic availability.

  2021cites this paper
• Health of Fishes enhanced by the Thymol

  2021cites this paper
• In silico studies of 2-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione Schiff base derivatives as potential inhibitors against main protease covid-19 enzyme

  2021cites this paper
• Loading, release profile and accelerated stability assessment of monoterpenes-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)

  2020cites this paper
• The Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Activity of Native and Modified Fucoidans from Brown Algae Fucus evanescens In Vitro and In Vivo

  2020cites this paper
• Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant

  2020cites this paper
• Middle Eastern Plant Extracts: An Alternative to Modern Medicine Problems

  2020cites this paper
• Review for "Terpene and resin acid contents in Scots pine stem lesions colonized by the rust fungus Cronartium pini"

  2020cites this paper
• TaibUVID nutritional supplements help rapid cure of COVID-19 infection and rapid reversion to negative nasopharyngeal swab PCR: for better public prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 pandemic.

  2020cites this paper
• Decision letter for "Terpene and resin acid contents in Scots pine stem lesions colonized by the rust fungus Cronartium pini"

  2020cites this paper
• Can limonene be a possible candidate for evaluation as an agent or adjuvant against infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19?

  2020cites this paper
• Interactions Eucalyptus Oil with the Hcov-229E as New Potential Anti-Coronavirus: Molecular Docking Studies

  2020influential citation
• Phytochemical Compounds Present in COVI-MXG Herbal Preparation Inhibits RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase from SARS-CoV-2: Virtual Screening

  2020influential citation
• Effectiveness of Polyherbal Topical Oil Treatment for Patients either with ‘COVID-19 like Symptoms’ or ‘COVID-19 Positive’: A Prospective Study

  2020cites this paper
• Review of Antiviral Medicinal Plants used in Taraba State Nigeria: A Possible Source for COVID-19 Drug Discovery

  2020cites this paper
• Clinical Efficacy on Treatment of Broad- Spectrum Viral Infections with Topical use of Polyherbal Plant Extract Based Oils

  2020cites this paper
• Does the Establishment of a ‘Forest Therapy Station’ in a Low-Mountain Mixed Hardwood Forest Make Sense?

  2020cites this paper
• In Silico Analysis of Sea Urchin Pigments as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against SARS-CoV-2: Main Protease (Mpro) as a Target.

  2020cites this paper
• A review on the beneficial effect of thymol on health and production of fish

  2020cites this paper
• Ocotea porosa: Anatomy and Histochemistry of Leaves and Stems, Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oil

  2020cites this paper
• Chemical diversity of essential oils from the Brazilian medicinal plant Lychnophora pinaster Mart from different environments

  2020cites this paper
• Molecular Docking Studies of Aromatherapy Oils Against SARS-COV-2

  2020cites this paper
• Volatile molecules for COVID‐19: A possible pharmacological strategy?

  2020cites this paper
• Remodeling agro-industrial and food wastes into value-added bioactives and biopolymers

  2020cites this paper
• Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology

  2020cites this paper