Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in the Nervous System

Information exchange executed by extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, is a newly described form of intercellular communication important in the development and physiology of neural systems. These vesicles can be released from cells, are packed with information including signaling proteins and both coding and regulatory RNAs, and can be taken up by target cells, thereby facilitating the transfer of multilevel information. Recent studies demonstrate their critical role in physiological processes, including nerve regeneration, synaptic function, and behavior. These vesicles also have a sinister role in the propagation of toxic amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative conditions, including prion diseases and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, in inducing neuroinflammation by exchange of information between the neurons and glia, as well as in aiding tumor progression in the brain by subversion of normal cells. This article provides a summary of topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  Journal of Neuroscience

• Publication date

  2014-11-12

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3258-14.2014PMID 25392515PMCID PMC4228143
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles: clinical promise and open questions.

  2015cited by this paper
• Mating behavior, male sensory cilia, and polycystins in Caenorhabditis elegans.

  2014cited by this paper
• The TRPP subfamily and polycystin-1 proteins.

  2014cited by this paper
• Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles: reservoirs of potential biomarkers

  2014cited by this paper
• Calcium Release from Intra-Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum Leads to Axon Degeneration through Mitochondrial Dysfunction

  2014cited by this paper
• Pathways to Alzheimer's disease

  2014influential reference
• Genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

  2014cited by this paper
• C. elegans ciliated sensory neurons release extracellular vesicles that function in animal communication.

  2014influential reference
• Extracellular vesicles modulate the glioblastoma microenvironment via a tumor suppression signaling network directed by miR-1.

  2014cited by this paper
• Extracellular RNA mediates and marks cancer progression.

  2014cited by this paper
• Extracellular vesicles: emerging targets for cancer therapy.

  2014cited by this paper
• Glioma diagnostics and biomarkers: an ongoing challenge in the field of medicine and science

  2014cited by this paper
• Exosomes in immunity and cancer--friends or foes?

  2014cited by this paper
• Multifaceted effects of oligodendroglial exosomes on neurons: impact on neuronal firing rate, signal transduction and gene regulation

  2014cited by this paper
• Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities

  2013cited by this paper
• Schwann cell‐derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

  2013cited by this paper
• Glioma microvesicles carry selectively packaged coding and non-coding RNAs which alter gene expression in recipient cells

  2013cited by this paper
• Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication

  2013cited by this paper
• Neurotransmitter-Triggered Transfer of Exosomes Mediates Oligodendrocyte–Neuron Communication

  2013cited by this paper
• Expanding horizons: ciliary proteins reach beyond cilia.

  2013cited by this paper
• Extracellular vesicles as prospective carriers of oncogenic protein signatures in adult and paediatric brain tumours

  2013cited by this paper
• Functional interaction between autophagy and ciliogenesis

  2013influential reference
• BACE2 processes PMEL to form the melanosome amyloid matrix in pigment cells

  2013cited by this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles – Biomarkers and Effectors of the Cellular Interactome in Cancer

  2013cited by this paper
• Exosomes secreted by human cells transport largely mRNA fragments that are enriched in the 3′-untranslated regions

  2013cited by this paper
• Exosomes: mediators of communication in eukaryotes.

  2013cited by this paper
• PMEL: a pigment cell‐specific model for functional amyloid formation

  2013cited by this paper
• Oncogenic extracellular vesicles in brain tumor progression

  2012cited by this paper
• Membrane Trafficking Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease

  2012cited by this paper
• Role of Exosomes/Microvesicles in the Nervous System and Use in Emerging Therapies

  2012cited by this paper
• Deep sequencing of RNA from immune cell-derived vesicles uncovers the selective incorporation of small non-coding RNA biotypes with potential regulatory functions

  2012cited by this paper
• Exosomes: Vehicles for the Transfer of Toxic Proteins Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases?

  2012influential reference
• Small RNA deep sequencing reveals a distinct miRNA signature released in exosomes from prion-infected neuronal cells

  2012cited by this paper
• Transfer of Vesicles From Schwann Cells to Axons: a Novel Mechanism of Communication in the Peripheral Nervous System

  2012cited by this paper
• Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences.

  2011cited by this paper
• Morphological evidence for a transport of ribosomes from Schwann cells to regenerating axons

  2011cited by this paper
• Exosome Secretion: Molecular Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses

  2011cited by this paper
• Axonal Degeneration Is Mediated by the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore

  2011cited by this paper
• The tetraspanin CD63 regulates ESCRT-independent and -dependent endosomal sorting during melanogenesis.

  2011cited by this paper
• Epitope-tagged Pkhd1 tracks the processing, secretion, and localization of fibrocystin.

  2011influential reference
• Xenorhodopsins, an enigmatic new class of microbial rhodopsins horizontally transferred between archaea and bacteria

  2011influential reference
• Biliary exosomes influence cholangiocyte regulatory mechanisms and proliferation through interaction with primary cilia.

  2010influential reference
• Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia

  2010cited by this paper
• Biology of amyloid: structure, function, and regulation.

  2010cited by this paper
• Characterization of PKD protein-positive exosome-like vesicles.

  2009influential reference
• Exosomes--vesicular carriers for intercellular communication.

  2009cited by this paper
• Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses

  2009cited by this paper
• The transcellular spread of cytosolic amyloids, prions, and prionoids.

  2009cited by this paper
• Formation of Pmel17 Amyloid Is Regulated by Juxtamembrane Metalloproteinase Cleavage, and the Resulting C-terminal Fragment Is a Substrate for γ-Secretase*

  2009cited by this paper
• Microvesicles: Messengers and mediators of tumor progression

  2009cited by this paper
• Schwann Cell to Axon Transfer of Ribosomes: Toward a Novel Understanding of the Role of Glia in the Nervous System

  2008cited by this paper
• Efficient Inhibition of the Alzheimer's Disease β-Secretase by Membrane Targeting

  2008cited by this paper
• Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and protein that promote tumor growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers

  2008influential reference
• Flotillin-Dependent Clustering of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Regulates Its Endocytosis and Amyloidogenic Processing in Neurons

  2008cited by this paper
• Amyloids: friend or foe?

  2008cited by this paper
• Tumour-released exosomes and their implications in cancer immunity

  2008cited by this paper
• The role of exosomes in the processing of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases

  2008cited by this paper
• Electron tomography of early melanosomes: Implications for melanogenesis and the generation of fibrillar amyloid sheets

  2008cited by this paper
• Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide

  2007cited by this paper
• Melanosomes — dark organelles enlighten endosomal membrane transport

  2007cited by this paper
• Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes.

  2006cited by this paper
• A lumenal domain-dependent pathway for sorting to intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes involved in organelle morphogenesis.

  2006cited by this paper
• FGF-induced vesicular release of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in leftward nodal flow is critical for left–right determination

  2005influential reference
• Local regulation of the axonal phenotype, a case of merotrophism.

  2005cited by this paper
• Functional Amyloid Formation within Mammalian Tissue

  2005cited by this paper
• The Silver locus product Pmel17/gp100/Silv/ME20: controversial in name and in function.

  2005cited by this paper
• Rab5-stimulated Up-regulation of the Endocytic Pathway Increases Intracellular β-Cleaved Amyloid Precursor Protein Carboxyl-terminal Fragment Levels and Aβ Production*

  2003cited by this paper
• Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein depends on lipid rafts

  2003cited by this paper
• Intraneuronal Alzheimer abeta42 accumulates in multivesicular bodies and is associated with synaptic pathology.

  2002cited by this paper
• The Biogenesis and Functions of Exosomes

  2002cited by this paper
• Evidence that production and release of amyloid beta-protein involves the endocytic pathway.

  1994cited by this paper
• Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles: reservoirs of potential biomarkers

  year unknowncited by this paper

• CD169+ and HLA-DR+ extracellular vesicles are highly represented in human plasma and dynamically expressed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID-associated sequelae.

  2026cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease: Dual Roles in Pathogenesis, Promising Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy

  2026cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicles in neurological disorders: emerging roles and underlying molecular mechanisms

  2025cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Targeted Cells Release Secondary Effector EVs: Indication of How To Account for Histocompatibility and Disease Specificity of EV Treatments

  2025cites this paper
• Insights From a Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Trends and Advances in Biomarker Research: The Role of MicroRNAs in Cognitive Decline Across Neurodegenerative Diseases

  2025cites this paper
• BMSCs-derived small extracellular vesicles antagonize cerebral endothelial Caveolin-1 driven autophagic degradation of tight-junction proteins to protect blood-brain barrier post-stroke

  2025cites this paper
• Global status and trends of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases from 2014 to 2023: a bibliometric and visual analysis

  2025cites this paper
• The Cerebral Clearance Cascade as a Driver of Alzheimer’s Disease Progression

  2025cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles Derived from FGF2-Primed Astrocytes Against Mitochondrial and Synaptic Toxicities in Parkinson’s Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Altered Cellular Pathways in the Blood of Patients With Guillain‐Barre Syndrome

  2025cites this paper
• Autophagic stress activates distinct compensatory secretory pathways in neurons

  2025cites this paper
• Intercellular communication via exosomes: A new paradigm in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of Long-Acting Anticoagulant Rodenticides on Rabbit Plasma Extracellular Vesicles

  2025cites this paper
• Small Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery, and Therapy

  2025cites this paper
• Advancing nanotheranostics for neuro-immunological disorders: current status and future prospects.

  2025cites this paper
• The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Exosomes derived from M1-macrophage promote enteric neuronal injury via MMP8-TGF-β pathway.

  2025cites this paper
• EXOSOMES AS MEDIATORS OF NEUROINFLAMMATION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A REVIEW

  2025cites this paper
• Comprehensive account of exosome isolation from rat substantia nigra for mass spectrometry-based proteomics study.

  2025cites this paper
• Plant‐derived vesicle‐like nanoparticles in food crops: emerging insights into nutritional biofortification and biomedical applications

  2025cites this paper
• Therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive decline

  2024cites this paper
• Small Nucleolar RNAs and the Brain: Growing Evidence Supporting Their Role in Psychiatric Disorders

  2024cites this paper
• Proteomic analysis of serum extracellular vesicles from biliary tract infection patients to identify novel biomarkers

  2024cites this paper
• The Potential for Extracellular Vesicles in Nanomedicine: A Review of Recent Advancements and Challenges Ahead

  2024cites this paper
• Vesicles: New Advances in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

  2024cites this paper
• miR-92a-3p and miR-320a are Upregulated in Plasma Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles of Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia

  2024cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System: A Novel Mechanism of Neuronal Cell Communication

  2024cites this paper
• Emerging role of gut microbiota extracellular vesicle in neurodegenerative disorders and insights on their therapeutic management

  2024cites this paper
• Thermodynamics of oligomerization and Helix-to-sheet structural transition of amyloid β-protein on anionic phospholipid vesicles.

  2024cites this paper
• Unlocking the potential of circulating small extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disease through targeted biomarkers and advancements in biosensing

  2024cites this paper
• From acute lung injury to cerebral ischemia: a unified concept involving intercellular communication through extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs released by macrophages/microglia

  2024cites this paper
• Present and future use of exosomes containing proteins and RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases for synaptic function regulation: A comprehensive review.

  2024cites this paper
• Exosomes encapsulated in hydrogels for effective central nervous system drug delivery.

  2024cites this paper
• Research Progress of Neurogenic Exosomes in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2024cites this paper
• Autophagic stress activates distinct compensatory secretory pathways in neurons

  2024cites this paper
• Prospects and challenges of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles

  2024cites this paper
• Emerging role and translational potential of small extracellular vesicles in neuroscience.

  2024cites this paper
• Effects of exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells on functional recovery of a patient with total radial nerve injury: A pilot study

  2024cites this paper
• Exosomal TNF-α mediates voltage-gated Na+ channel 1.6 overexpression and contributes to brain tumor–induced neuronal hyperexcitability

  2024cites this paper
• Role of secretomes in cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

  2023cites this paper
• The Double-Edged Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Hallmarks of Aging

  2023cites this paper
• Engineered extracellular vesicles: A new approach for targeted therapy of tumors and overcoming drug resistance

  2023cites this paper
• The Effects of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Originating Exosomes on Nerve Allograft Regeneration

  2023cites this paper
• Microglia‐derived extracellular vesicles in homeostasis and demyelination/remyelination processes

  2023cites this paper
• Losing, preserving, and restoring vision from neurodegeneration in the eye.

  2023cites this paper
• Adult IDH Wild-Type Glioblastoma Ultrastructural Investigation Suggests a Possible Correlation between Morphological Biomarkers and Ki-67 Index

  2023cites this paper
• Potential Applications of Mitochondrial Therapy with a Focus on Parkinson’s Disease and Mitochondrial Transplantation

  2023cites this paper
• Neuroglial components of brain lesions may provide new therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis

  2023cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicles in the retina - putative roles in physiology and disease

  2023cites this paper
• Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles

  2023cites this paper
• Blood exosome sensing via neuronal insulin-like growth factor-1 regulates autism-related phenotypes.

  2023cites this paper
• Small RNA Profiles of Brain Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease

  2023cites this paper
• Toward a human brain extracellular vesicle atlas: Characteristics of extracellular vesicles from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles

  2023cites this paper
• Exosome-shuttled miR-126 mediates ethanol-induced disruption of neural crest cell-placode cell interaction by targeting SDF1.

  2023cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update

  2023cites this paper
• Neuron‐derived extracellular vesicles contain synaptic proteins, promote spine formation, activate TrkB‐mediated signalling and preserve neuronal complexity

  2023cites this paper
• The emerging role of exosomes in communication between the periphery and the central nervous system

  2023cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicles - on the cusp of a new language in the biological sciences

  2023cites this paper
• Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS

  2023cites this paper
• Comparative study of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells and brain endothelial cells attenuating blood–brain barrier permeability via regulating Caveolin-1-dependent ZO-1 and Claudin-5 endocytosis in acute ischemic stroke

  2023cites this paper
• Potential Value and Application of Liquid Biopsy in Tumor, Neurodegeneration, and Muscle Degenerative Diseases.

  2023cites this paper
• Enhancing Functional Recovery after Segmental Nerve Defect Using Nerve Allograft Treated with Plasma-Derived Exosome

  2023cites this paper
• Neuron-derived exosomes mediate sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal mice via transferring lncRNA Gas5 and promoting M1 polarization of microglia

  2023cites this paper
• Huntingtin Co-Isolates with Small Extracellular Vesicles from Blood Plasma of TgHD and KI-HD Pig Models of Huntington’s Disease and Human Blood Plasma

  2022cites this paper
• New insights into peripheral nerve regeneration: The role of secretomes.

  2022cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicles in reproduction and pregnancy

  2022cites this paper
• Maintaining essential microtubule bundles in meter-long axons: a role for local tubulin biogenesis?

  2022cites this paper
• Dual action of exosomes derived from in vitro Aβ toxicity model: The role of age for pathological response.

  2022cites this paper
• Brain Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease Display Altered Key Protein Levels Including Cell Type-Specific Markers

  2022cites this paper
• The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications

  2022cites this paper
• Investigation of Plasma-Derived Lipidome Profiles in Experimental Cerebral Malaria in a Mouse Model Study

  2022cites this paper
• Slingshot homolog-1 mediates the secretion of small extracellular vesicles containing misfolded proteins by regulating autophagy cargo receptors and actin dynamics

  2022cites this paper
• Imaging Intracellular Trafficking in Neurons of C. elegans.

  2022cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicle therapy for traumatic central nervous system disorders

  2022cites this paper
• Neuronal activity-dependent ATP enhances the pro-growth effect of repair Schwann cell extracellular vesicles by increasing their miRNA-21 loading

  2022cites this paper
• Dual role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in dementia-related neurodegenerative disorders: cargo of disease spreading signals and diagnostic-therapeutic molecules

  2022cites this paper
• Proteomic screen reveals diverse protein transport between connected neurons in the visual system

  2022cites this paper
• Cerebrospinal Fluid EV Concentration and Size Are Altered in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

  2022cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Plasma of Patients With Neurodegenerative Disease Have Common Transcriptomic Profiling

  2022cites this paper
• Exploring Neurofilament Light Chain and Exosomes in the Genetic Forms of Frontotemporal Dementia

  2022cites this paper
• Lipidomic analysis identifies age-disease-related changes and potential new biomarkers in brain-derived extracellular vesicles from metachromatic leukodystrophy mice

  2022cites this paper
• Adenosinergic Signaling as a Key Modulator of the Glioma Microenvironment and Reactive Astrocytes

  2022cites this paper
• The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Soft Tissue Repair and Regeneration

  2022cites this paper
• Small nucleolar RNAs in plasma extracellular vesicles and their discriminatory power as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease

  2021cites this paper
• Advances in microglia cellular models: focus on extracellular vesicle production.

  2021cites this paper
• Neonatal stroke enhances interaction of microglia-derived extracellular vesicles with microglial cells.

  2021cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles: Versatile Nanomediators, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Atherosclerosis and COVID-19-Related Thrombosis

  2021cites this paper
• Cocaine induces sex-associated changes in lipid profiles of brain extracellular vesicles

  2021cites this paper
• Small nucleolar RNAs in plasma and their discriminatory power as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

  2021cites this paper
• Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Size and Concentration Are Altered in Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, and Frontotemporal Dementia

  2021cites this paper
• Nanotube‐like processes facilitate material transfer between photoreceptors

  2021cites this paper
• Alterations in circulating extracellular vesicles underlie social stress‐induced behaviors in mice

  2021cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles and Bone-Associated Cancer

  2021cites this paper
• Ultrasound-mediated augmented exosome release from astrocytes alleviates amyloid-β-induced neurotoxicity

  2021cites this paper
• SARS-CoV-2 Spike Targets USP33-IRF9 Axis via Exosomal miR-148a to Activate Human Microglia

  2021cites this paper
• Role of the Endolysosomal Pathway and Exosome Release in Tau Propagation.

  2021cites this paper
• Emerging Roles of Exosomes in Huntington’s Disease

  2021cites this paper
• Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Alzheimer’s Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene

  2021cites this paper
• Extracellular Vesicles and the Propagation of Yeast Prions.

  2021cites this paper
• Extracellular vesicles (exosomes and ectosomes) play key roles in the pathology of brain diseases

  2021cites this paper