Redox regulation by glutathione needs enzymes

The GSH/GSSG redox potential has become a fashionable electrochemical parameter believed to be a major driving force of redox reactions regulating biological events (Schafer and Buettner, 2001; Jones, 2006; Blanco et al., 2007; Chaiswing et al., 2012). Here, we will challenge this concept, because we consider it an untenable simplification that ignores kinetic constrains and detracts the attention from more important, though more complex, catalytic events. The focus of this article is the importance of reaction kinetics vs. thermodynamics in the redox regulation of biological systems.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  Frontiers in Pharmacology

• Publication date

  2014-07-17

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3389/fphar.2014.00168PMID 25100998PMCID 4101335
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Redox Regulation in Bacillus subtilis: The Bacilliredoxins BrxA(YphP) and BrxB(YqiW) Function in De-Bacillithiolation of S-Bacillithiolated OhrR and MetE

  2014cited by this paper
• Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin-mediated redox regulation of ribonucleotide reductase.

  2014cited by this paper
• Low-Molecular-Weight Thiols in Thiol–Disulfide Exchange

  2013influential reference
• The fairytale of the GSSG/GSH redox potential.

  2013cited by this paper
• Redox regulation of the proteasome via S-glutathionylation

  2013cited by this paper
• Multiple glutathione disulfide removal pathways mediate cytosolic redox homeostasis.

  2013influential reference
• Identification of a Dithiol-disulfide Switch in Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 (CRMP2) That Is Toggled in a Model of Neuronal Differentiation*

  2013cited by this paper
• Protein glutathionylation in health and disease.

  2013cited by this paper
• A Role for Glutathione Transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1-1) in the Glutathionylation Cycle

  2013cited by this paper
• Glutaredoxin regulates vascular development by reversible glutathionylation of sirtuin 1

  2013cited by this paper
• The Redox Proteome*

  2013cited by this paper
• Mycoredoxin‐1 is one of the missing links in the oxidative stress defence mechanism of Mycobacteria

  2012cited by this paper
• Regulation of prostate cancer cell invasion by modulation of extra- and intracellular redox balance.

  2012cited by this paper
• Protein-Thiol Oxidation and Cell Death: Regulatory Role of Glutaredoxins

  2012cited by this paper
• Mitochondrial Thiols in the Regulation of Cell Death Pathways

  2012cited by this paper
• Glutathione redox potential in the mitochondrial intermembrane space is linked to the cytosol and impacts the Mia40 redox state

  2012influential reference
• Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin is essential for brain development

  2011cited by this paper
• Thioredoxin Mediates Oxidation-Dependent Phosphorylation of CRMP2 and Growth Cone Collapse

  2011cited by this paper
• Novel Role for Glutathione S-Transferase π

  2009cited by this paper
• Catalytic mechanisms and specificities of glutathione peroxidases: variations of a basic scheme.

  2009cited by this paper
• Glutathione peroxidase 4 senses and translates oxidative stress into 12/15-lipoxygenase dependent- and AIF-mediated cell death.

  2008cited by this paper
• Real-time imaging of the intracellular glutathione redox potential

  2008influential reference
• Glutaredoxin systems.

  2008cited by this paper
• Diurnal variation in glutathione and cysteine redox states in human plasma.

  2007cited by this paper
• Kinetics of peroxiredoxins and their role in the decomposition of peroxynitrite.

  2007cited by this paper
• Redefining Oxidative Stress

  2006cited by this paper
• Development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase

  2004cited by this paper
• The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist.

  2003cited by this paper
• Redox Regulation of 3′-Phosphoadenylylsulfate Reductase from Escherichia coli by Glutathione and Glutaredoxins*

  2003cited by this paper
• A thiol peroxidase is an H2O2 receptor and redox-transducer in gene activation.

  2002cited by this paper
• The changing face

  2001cited by this paper
• Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple.

  2001cited by this paper
• Overexpression of PHGPx inhibits hydroperoxide-induced oxidation, NFkappaB activation and apoptosis and affects oxLDL-mediated proliferation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells.

  2000cited by this paper
• Regulation of the OxyR transcription factor by hydrogen peroxide and the cellular thiol-disulfide status.

  1999cited by this paper
• Reactivity of biologically important thiol compounds with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.

  1999cited by this paper
• Inhibition of I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation and degradation and subsequent NF-kappa B activation by glutathione peroxidase overexpression

  1996cited by this paper
• Thioltransferase is a specific glutathionyl mixed disulfide oxidoreductase.

  1993influential reference
• Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes: direct activation by oxidation.

  1990cited by this paper
• The standard redox potential of cysteine-cystine from the thiol-disulphide exchange reaction with glutathione and lipoic acid.

  1967influential reference
• Adenosine triphosphate conservation in metabolic regulation. Rat liver citrate cleavage enzyme.

  1967cited by this paper
• Adenosine triphosphate conservation in biosynthetic regulation. Escherichia coli phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase.

  1967cited by this paper
• Reduction-potential of Glutathione

  1964cited by this paper
• The Equilibrium Constants and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Some Thiol-Disulfide Systems1

  1957cited by this paper
• Glutathione reductase of animal tissues.

  1952influential reference

• Redox Potential (E0′) of the β-Chain 93Cys of HbS Measured with the Equilibrium Technique in a Heterozygous Sickle Cell Carrier Subject

  2025cites this paper
• Molecular basis for the enzymatic inactivity of class III glutaredoxin ROXY9 on standard glutathionylated substrates

  2025cites this paper
• Reversible Enzymatic Switching of the Oxidation State of a EuIII/II Complex Controls Relaxivity

  2025cites this paper
• Model organisms for investigating the functional involvement of NRF2 in non-communicable diseases

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring the immunological functions of thioredoxin domain-containing protein 17 (TXNDC17) in chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus): Immune response and cellular redox homeostasis.

  2024cites this paper
• Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Biomarkers of Redox Balance and Inflammation in Old Patients Hospitalized in Internal Medicine

  2024cites this paper
• Epithelial Na + Channels Function as Extracellular Sensors.

  2024cites this paper
• REDOX SIGNALLING IN THE PANCREAS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.

  2024cites this paper
• Systemic and strict regulation of the glutathione redox state in mitochondria and cytosol is needed for zebrafish ontogeny.

  2024cites this paper
• Chloroplast thiol redox dynamics through the lens of genetically encoded biosensors.

  2024cites this paper
• Cysteinyl and methionyl redox switches: Structural prerequisites and consequences

  2023cites this paper
• Real-time redox adaptations in human airway epithelial cells exposed to isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxide

  2023cites this paper
• The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes

  2023cites this paper
• Sarcopenia Is Associated with Changes in Circulating Markers of Antioxidant/Oxidant Balance and Innate Immune Response

  2023cites this paper
• Chloroplasts lacking class I glutaredoxins are functional but show a delayed recovery of protein cysteinyl redox state after oxidative challenge

  2023cites this paper
• DsrMKJOP is the terminal reductase complex in anaerobic sulfate respiration

  2023cites this paper
• Redox-Responsive MRI Probes Based on First-Row Transition-Metal Complexes.

  2022cites this paper
• Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is associated with poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC): an example for the crucial role of redox signaling in ccRCC

  2021cites this paper
• Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications?

  2021cites this paper
• The combination of chondroitin sulfate and probiotic prevents oxidative stress in the serum of rats with experimental osteoarthritis

  2021cites this paper
• Possible Beneficial Effects of N-Acetylcysteine for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

  2021cites this paper
• Therapeutic potentials of Vachellia nilotica (L.) extracts in Hepatitis C infection: A review

  2021cites this paper
• Preparation for oxidative stress in Proceratophrys cristiceps (Anura, Odontophrynidae) naturally estivating in the Brazilian Caatinga.

  2020cites this paper
• Signal-regulated oxidation of proteins via MICAL.

  2020cites this paper
• The proteomic landscape of cysteine oxidation that underpins retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.

  2020cites this paper
• Studies of the thioredoxin system in redox signaling and oxidative stress

  2020cites this paper
• Description, measurement, and automatic classification of the Plasmodium berghei oocyst morphology during early differentiation

  2020cites this paper
• Four active monomers from Moutan Cortex exert inhibitory effects against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway

  2020cites this paper
• Time-course analysis of Streptococcus sanguinis after manganese depletion reveals changes in glycolytic, nucleotide, and redox metabolites

  2020cites this paper
• Role of GSH and Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxins in Iron Metabolism—Review

  2020cites this paper
• Four active monomers from Moutan Cortex exert inhibitory effects against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway

  2020cites this paper
• Redox Modifications of Proteins of the Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Machinery

  2020cites this paper
• Characterization of the mouse white adipose tissue redox environment and associations with perinatal environmental exposures to bisphenol A and high-fat diets.

  2019cites this paper
• Mass Spectrometry in Advancement of Redox Precision Medicine.

  2019cites this paper
• The glutathione system and the related thiol network in Caenorhabditis elegans

  2019cites this paper
• Molecular Mechanisms of Glutaredoxin Enzymes: Versatile Hubs for Thiol-Disulfide Exchange between Protein Thiols and Glutathione.

  2019cites this paper
• The thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge are surrogate measures for flux in the thioredoxin system.

  2019cites this paper
• The Arabidopsis glutathione transferases, AtGSTF8 and AtGSTU19 are involved in the maintenance of root redox homeostasis affecting meristem size and salt stress sensitivity.

  2019cites this paper
• Ferroptosis: The Greasy Side of Cell Death.

  2019cites this paper
• BBE31 from the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi, known to play an important role in successful colonization of the mammalian host, shows the ability to bind glutathione.

  2019cites this paper
• Cadmium specific proteomic responses of a highly resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa san ai

  2018cites this paper
• Balanced Regulation of Redox Status of Intracellular Thioredoxin Revealed by in-Cell NMR.

  2018cites this paper
• Reactive Oxygen Species in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  2018cites this paper
• Structure and function of a novel antioxidant peptide from the skin of tropical frogs

  2018cites this paper
• The Role of Selenium in Oxidative Stress and in Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome (NTIS): an overview.

  2018cites this paper
• Nucleoredoxin-Dependent Targets and Processes in Neuronal Cells

  2018cites this paper
• Kinetic studies reveal a key role of a redox-active glutaredoxin in the evolution of the thiol-redox metabolism of trypanosomatid parasites

  2018cites this paper
• Reactive Oxygen Species in Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease

  2018cites this paper
• Glutaredoxins employ parallel monothiol–dithiol mechanisms to catalyze thiol–disulfide exchanges with protein disulfides

  2017cites this paper
• Selenium and redox signaling.

  2017cites this paper
• New insights into the redox chemistry of protein thiols

  2017cites this paper
• Balancing electron transfer rate and driving force for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production in CdSe/CdS nanorod–[NiFe] hydrogenase assemblies

  2017cites this paper
• Oxidative Stress.

  2017cites this paper
• Redox stress and signaling during vertebrate embryonic development: Regulation and responses.

  2017cites this paper
• Redox Regulation of Inflammatory Processes Is Enzymatically Controlled

  2017cites this paper
• Arteriovenous oscillations of the redox potential: Is the redox state influencing blood flow?

  2017cites this paper
• Iron‐sulfur glutaredoxin 2 protects oligodendrocytes against damage induced by nitric oxide release from activated microglia

  2017cites this paper
• Redox-Based Regulation of Bacterial Development and Behavior.

  2017cites this paper
• Glutathione, Glutaredoxins, and Iron

  2017influential citation
• Direct structural evidence of protein redox regulation obtained by in-cell NMR.

  2016cites this paper
• Peroxide dependent effects in human airway epithelial cells exposed to oxidant air pollutants

  2016cites this paper
• CALCIUM SIGNALING IN TUMOR CELLS

  2016cites this paper
• Characterization of thioredoxin related protein of 14 kDa and its role in redox signaling

  2016cites this paper
• Mixed results with mixed disulfides.

  2016cites this paper
• The impact of thiol peroxidases on redox regulation

  2016cites this paper
• Measurement and meaning of cellular thiol:disufhide redox status

  2016cites this paper
• Yeast mitochondrial glutathione is an essential antioxidant with mitochondrial thioredoxin providing a back-up system

  2016cites this paper
• Formation and Reversibility of BiP Protein Cysteine Oxidation Facilitate Cell Survival during and post Oxidative Stress*

  2016cites this paper
• Redox Events As Modulators of Pathology and Therapy of Neuroinflammatory Diseases

  2016cites this paper
• Principles for integrating reactive species into in vivo biological processes: Examples from exercise physiology.

  2016cites this paper
• Antioxidant Activity of γ-Oryzanol: A Complex Network of Interactions

  2016cites this paper
• Diet affects the redox system in developing Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

  2015cites this paper
• Cytosolic thiol switches regulating basic cellular functions: GAPDH as an information hub?

  2015cites this paper
• Glutathione during embryonic development.

  2015cites this paper
• Redox-regulated fate of neural stem progenitor cells.

  2015cites this paper
• Development of ‘Redox Arrays’ for identifying novel glutathionylated proteins in the secretome

  2015cites this paper
• Enzymatic control of cysteinyl thiol switches in proteins

  2015cites this paper
• Editorial: the changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist

  2015cites this paper
• Redox regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics during differentiation and de-differentiation.

  2015cites this paper
• The specificity of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins is determined by electrostatic and geometric complementarity

  2015cites this paper
• Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species

  2015cites this paper
• The Redox Code

  2015cites this paper
• S-glutathionylation reactions in mitochondrial function and disease

  2014cites this paper