Upper Respiratory Infections

Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are infections of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe). This article outlines the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of URIs, including nasopharyngitis (common cold), sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and laryngotracheitis.

• Publication year

  2013

• Venue

  Primary Care

• Publication date

  2013-07-12

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004PMID 23958368PMCID 7127764
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults.

  2012cited by this paper
• Role of antibiotics in sinusitis

  2012cited by this paper
• Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections.

  2012cited by this paper
• The 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  2011cited by this paper
• Acute rhinosinusitis in adults.

  2011cited by this paper
• Croup: an overview.

  2011cited by this paper
• Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008.

  2009cited by this paper
• Effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.

  2009cited by this paper
• Acute bronchiolitis and croup.

  2009cited by this paper
• Intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis

  2008cited by this paper
• Treatment of the common cold.

  2007cited by this paper
• Judicious antibiotic use and intranasal corticosteroids in acute rhinosinusitis.

  2007cited by this paper
• Handwashing and hand disinfection

  2005cited by this paper
• [Treatment of common cold].

  2004cited by this paper
• A comparison of nebulized budesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup.

  2004cited by this paper
• Pharyngitis.

  2004cited by this paper
• Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 1999.

  2003cited by this paper
• The effect of hand hygiene on illness rate among students in university residence halls.

  2003cited by this paper
• Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Infectious Diseases Society of America.

  2002cited by this paper
• Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults: Background

  2001cited by this paper
• Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults: background.

  2001cited by this paper
• Management of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis.

  2001cited by this paper
• Effect of a comprehensive infection control program on the incidence of infections in long-term care facilities.

  2000cited by this paper
• Handwashing and hand disinfection

  1999cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial Resistance of 914 Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Pharyngeal Swabs in Spain: Results of a 1-Year (1996–1997) Multicenter Surveillance Study

  1999cited by this paper

• Nonpharmacological interventions for managing infections in chronic respiratory diseases: a comprehensive overview

  2026cites this paper
• Genetic evidence from proteome-wide analysis identifies plasma proteins driving risk of respiratory tract infections.

  2026cites this paper
• Holistic care in mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs): an approach to individualized care management

  2025cites this paper
• Evaluation of Management Strategies for Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among Pediatricians in Türkiye

  2025cites this paper
• Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of group A Streptococcus isolated from children in Greece during 2023

  2025cites this paper
• Clarithromycin 500 mg extended-release in the management of patients with upper respiratory tract infection: results from a prospective, multicentre, single-arm and post-marketing observational study

  2025cites this paper
• Factors influencing inappropriate antibiotic prescription in respiratory tract infections in general practice

  2025cites this paper
• Medication Recommendation, Counseling, and Pricing for Nasal Sprays in German Community Pharmacies: A Simulated Patient Investigation

  2025cites this paper
• Phage therapy: A novel approach to combat drug-resistant pathogens.

  2025cites this paper
• The Impact of Ivy Leaf Dry Extract EA 575 on Subsequent Antibiotic Use and Its Therapeutic Value in Children and Adolescents with the Common Cold: A Retrospective Prescription Database Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Antibiotic Usage for Treatment of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children in Lithuania from 2018 to 2022

  2025cites this paper
• [Herbal medicine Sinupret extract in the treatment of acute rhinitis (nasopharyngitis) in senior school-age children (adolescents)].

  2025cites this paper
• Diagnostic Significance of Influenza Symptoms and Signs, and Their Variation by Type/Subtype, in Outpatients Aged ≥ 15 Years: Novi Sad, Serbia

  2025cites this paper
• C-reactive protein testing in primary care and antibiotic use in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan: an open-label, individually randomised, controlled trial

  2025cites this paper
• Bacitracin agar vs. oleandomycin disk supplemented chocolate agar for the recovery of Haemophilus influenzae in diagnostic samples: A prospective comparison.

  2024cites this paper
• Pulsatile Dexamethasone in Patients with Infantile Spasms: A Retrospective Analysis of a Unique Therapy Regime

  2024cites this paper
• Bromelain Supplementation in the Management of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children

  2024cites this paper
• Frequency of upper respiratory tract infections in patients with myasthenia gravis compared to the general population.

  2024cites this paper
• Antiseptics: An expeditious third force in the prevention and management of coronavirus diseases

  2024cites this paper
• Network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of action of Trollius chinensis capsule in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection

  2024cites this paper
• An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study to Investigate Concentration-Dependence of Green Tea Catechin Gargling on Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.

  2024cites this paper
• HEX17(Neumifil): an intranasal respiratory biotherapeutic with broad-acting antiviral activity.

  2024cites this paper
• Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Carbocysteine as Adjuvant Therapy in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Patients without Underlying Chronic Conditions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Changes in Prevalence and Seasonality of Pathogens Identified in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Individuals in Rural and Urban Settings in South Africa; 2018–2022

  2024cites this paper
• Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran

  2024cites this paper
• Nasal residence time and rheological properties of a new bentonite-based thixotropic gel emulsion nasal spray – AM-301

  2023cites this paper
• Impact of COVID-19 pandemic: increase in complicated upper respiratory tract infections requiring ENT surgery?

  2023cites this paper
• The Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) on the Incidence and Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection—A Double Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial

  2023cites this paper
• Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19

  2023cites this paper
• Changes in the Prescription of Antibiotics and Phytopharmaceuticals in Children Treated for Acute Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Pediatric Practices in Germany in 2013, 2018, and 2022

  2023cites this paper
• Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children

  2023cites this paper
• Positive Point-of-Care Influenza Test Significantly Decreases the Probability of Antibiotic Treatment during Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care

  2023influential citation
• Efficacy and safety of herbal medicine (Binafuxi granules) for the common cold with fever: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial

  2023cites this paper
• Moderate Dose Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Medical University Students: A Randomized, Triple Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

  2023cites this paper
• A value-based comparison of the management of respiratory diseases in walk-in clinics and emergency departments

  2023cites this paper
• The Buddhasothorn Asthma Severity Score (BASS): A practical screening tool for predicting severe asthma exacerbations for pediatric patients.

  2023cites this paper
• Antibiotic Resistance Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Bank, Palestine

  2023cites this paper
• Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplements in Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection: A Meta-Analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials

  2022cites this paper
• Traditionally used polyherbals in a southern African therapeutic context.

  2022cites this paper
• Outdoor particulate matter exposure and upper respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

  2022cites this paper
• A Nighttime Telemedicine and Medication Delivery Service to Avert Pediatric Emergencies in Haiti: An Exploratory Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Use of Herbal Tea/Herbal Preparations for Children with Symptoms of Viral Upper Respiratory Infections.

  2022cites this paper
• A REVIEW ON LACTOFERRIN PRINCIPLE CONSTITUENT OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM: IN COVID19

  2022cites this paper
• Efficacy and Safety of Ganduqing Granules in Treating the Common Cold: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

  2022cites this paper
• Characteristics and Results of Hospital Admission Caused by Influenza Virus Infections in Children under 5 Years Old.

  2022cites this paper
• Identifying Active Compounds and Mechanisms of Citrus changshan-Huyou Y. B. Chang against URTIs-Associated Inflammation by Network Pharmacology in Combination with Molecular Docking

  2022cites this paper
• Alveolar macrophages: Achilles’ heel of SARS-CoV-2 infection

  2022cites this paper
• Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  2022influential citation
• The impact of infections in the otolaryngologist’s practice

  2022cites this paper
• Bovine colostrum supplementation in prevention of upper respiratory tract infections – Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

  2022cites this paper
• Management of acute upper respiratory tract infection: the role of early intervention

  2021influential citation
• Early intervention with Kan Jang® to treat upper-respiratory tract infections: A randomized, quadruple-blind study

  2021cites this paper
• Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019

  2021cites this paper
• A nighttime telemedicine and medication delivery service to avert pediatric emergencies: An exploratory cost-effectiveness analysis

  2021cites this paper
• Impact of Selected Behavioral and Environmental Factors on the Antibiotic Therapy in Polish Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

  2021cites this paper
• Outdoor Temperature as an Independent Risk Factor for Acute Pharyngitis Incidence: A Preliminary Study

  2021cites this paper
• Immunomodulating Agents for Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections

  2021cites this paper
• Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of intravenous paracetamol and ibuprofen on the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis with fever: A prospective, randomized controlled, double-blind clinical trial

  2021cites this paper
• Respiratory Tract Infections: Bacteria

  2021cites this paper
• Disease burden and attributable risk factors of respiratory infections in China from 1990 to 2019

  2021cites this paper
• Non-pharmacological remedies for the common cold.

  2021cites this paper
• Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Weissella cibaria against Pathogens of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

  2021cites this paper
• A Colorimetric Test to Differentiate Patients Infected with Influenza from COVID‐19

  2021cites this paper
• A cross-sectional survey of family care behaviors for children with upper respiratory tract infections in China: Are there opportunities for improvement?

  2021cites this paper
• Bovine colostrum: benefits for the human respiratory system and potential contributions for clinical management of COVID-19

  2021cites this paper
• Effect of diurnal temperature range on emergency room visits for acute upper respiratory tract infections

  2021cites this paper
• Identification of pathogens from the upper respiratory tract of adult emergency department patients at high risk for influenza complications in a pre-Sars-CoV-2 environment

  2021cites this paper
• A Prospective Study of Etiological Agents Among Febrile Patients in Sierra Leone

  2021cites this paper
• Ambient air pollution and respiratory bacterial infections, a troubling association: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and future challenges

  2020cites this paper
• Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the Control and Improvement of Indoor Air Quality

  2020cites this paper
• Odoriferous Therapy: A Review Identifying Essential Oils against Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract

  2020cites this paper
• Clinical and immunological efficacy of bacterial lysate OM-85 in children with respiratory tract infection

  2020cites this paper
• Paediatric Recurrent Ear, Nose and Throat Infections and Complications: Can We Do More?

  2020cites this paper
• Factors associated with the risk of upper respiratory tract bacterial infections among HIV-positive patients

  2020cites this paper
• The effect of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination in preventing severe infectious respiratory diseases other than TB: Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic

  2020cites this paper
• Immunity‐targeted approaches to the management of chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract disorders in children

  2019cites this paper
• Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Formulas Against Acute Airway Viral Infections as Examples

  2019cites this paper
• The health and social implications of household air pollution and respiratory diseases

  2019cites this paper
• Choice of therapy for coughing (spiral development)

  2019cites this paper
• Острые респираторные вирусные заболевания: современные подходы к диагностике и лечению

  2019cites this paper
• Antibacterial therapy of complications of acute respiratory viral infections in children

  2018cites this paper
• “With fever it’s the real flu I would say”: laypersons’ perception of common cold and influenza and their differences - a qualitative study in Austria, Belgium and Croatia

  2018cites this paper
• Self-care for common colds: A European multicenter survey on the role of subjective discomfort and knowledge about the self-limited course - The COCO study

  2018cites this paper
• Антибактериальная терапия осложнений острых инфекций верхних дыхательных путей у детей

  2018cites this paper
• Binafuxi granules in the treatment of common cold with heat syndrome based on traditional Uighur medicine: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

  2018cites this paper
• Gesund durch die Erkältungssaison

  2017cites this paper
• Cost-effectiveness analysis of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections

  2017cites this paper
• Incidental rhino sinusitis findings in patients referred for Brain MRI

  2016cites this paper
• Clinical manifestations of upper respiratory tract infection in children at Kalideres Community Health Center, West Jakarta

  2016cites this paper
• An Herbal Formula (GPC) Suppresses the Releases of Pro-Inflammatory Effectors in Lipopolysaccharide/Peptidoglycan-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages and Reduces the Extent of Chemical-Induced Acute/Chronic Inflammation in Rodents

  2016cites this paper
• Self-Care for Common Colds by Primary Care Patients: A European Multicenter Survey on the Prevalence and Patterns of Practices—The COCO Study

  2016cites this paper
• Antibacterial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates from throat infected patients attending the national ear care centre, Kaduna

  2015cites this paper
• Self-Care Practices for Common Colds by Primary Care Patients: Study Protocol of a European Multicenter Survey—The COCO Study

  2015cites this paper
• Chronic Rhinosinusitis and the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Cancer in a Taiwanese Health Study

  2014cites this paper
• The Common Cold: Potential for Future Prevention or Cure

  2014cites this paper
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ILLNESS AND ADIPOSITY IN CHILDHOOD

  2014cites this paper
• Health-adjusted potential years of life lost due to treatable causes of death and illness.

  2014cites this paper
• Quality of care at retail clinics for 3 common conditions.

  2014cites this paper
• The Management of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Superimposed on Rheumatic Heart Disease in the Immediate Pre-Penicillin Era: The Case of Pasquale Imperato

  2012cites this paper