Neonatal and Infantile Immune Responses to Encapsulated Bacteria and Conjugate Vaccines

Encapsulated bacteria are responsible for the majority of mortality among neonates and infants. The major components on the surface of these bacteria are polysaccharides which are important virulence factors. Immunity against these components protects against disease. However, most of the polysaccharides are thymus-independent (TI)-2 antigens which induce an inadequate immune response in neonates and infants. The mechanisms that are thought to play a role in the unresponsiveness of this age group to TI-2 stimuli will be discussed. The lack of immune response may be overcome by conjugating the polysaccharides to a carrier protein. This transforms bacterial polysaccharides from a TI-2 antigen into a thymus-dependent (TD) antigen, thereby inducing an immune response and immunological memory in neonates and infants. Such conjugated vaccines have been shown to be effective against the most common causes of invasive disease caused by encapsulated bacteria in neonates and children. These and several other approaches in current vaccine development will be discussed.

• Publication year

  2008

• Venue

  Clinical and Developmental Immunology

• Publication date

  2008-09-23

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1155/2008/628963PMID 18825269PMCID 2553187
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Advances in Pneumococcal Vaccines

  2012cited by this paper
• Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia.

  2011cited by this paper
• Interaction of SIGNR1 expressed by marginal zone macrophages with marginal zone B cells is essential to early IgM responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

  2008cited by this paper
• Changing epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States.

  2008cited by this paper
• The Magnitude of the Antibody and Memory B Cell Responses during Priming with a Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine in Human Infants Is Associated with the Persistence of Antibody and the Intensity of Booster Response1

  2008cited by this paper
• The development of a new heptavalent diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and C vaccine: a randomized dose-ranging trial of the conjugate vaccine components.

  2008cited by this paper
• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine failure in children is associated with inadequate production of high-quality antibody.

  2008cited by this paper
• Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Is Immunogenic When Present on the Surface of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: TLR4 Signaling Induced by a Conjugate Vaccine or by Lipopolysaccharide Is Conducive1

  2008cited by this paper
• Effectiveness of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in the First Decade of Life

  2008cited by this paper
• Invasive pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes among alaska native children with high levels of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage.

  2007influential reference
• Increases in serum immunoglobulins to age‐related normal levels in children with IgA and/or IgG subclass deficiency

  2007cited by this paper
• Molecular mechanisms underlying anti‐inflammatory phenotype of neonatal splenic macrophages

  2007cited by this paper
• C-Reactive Protein Enhances Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae by Targeting Uptake to FcγR on Dendritic Cells1

  2007cited by this paper
• Haemophilus influenzae meningitis 5 years after introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Brazil.

  2007cited by this paper
• Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Immune Memory after Primary Vaccination with a Novel Haemophilus influenzae-Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C Conjugate Vaccine

  2007cited by this paper
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization--WHO position paper.

  2007cited by this paper
• Safety review: two outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines against systemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease.

  2007cited by this paper
• Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis.

  2007cited by this paper
• Clinical and immunologic risk factors for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine failure in the United Kingdom.

  2006cited by this paper
• Early life T cell responses to pneumococcal conjugates increase with age and determine the polysaccharide‐specific antibody response and protective efficacy

  2006cited by this paper
• Comparison and Correlation of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Immunologic Assay Results and Human Antibody Responses following Three Doses of the Norwegian Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine MenBvac

  2006cited by this paper
• Innate Immunity of the Human Newborn Is Polarized Toward a High Ratio of IL-6/TNF-α Production In Vitro and In Vivo

  2006cited by this paper
• Mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens and its advantages in pediatrics.

  2006cited by this paper
• Evaluation of a diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis–inactivated poliovirus–Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine given concurrently with meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age

  2006cited by this paper
• Reduced Ability of Neonatal and Early-Life Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Support Plasmablast Survival1

  2006cited by this paper
• Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

  2006cited by this paper
• Group B Streptococcal Type II and III Conjugate Vaccines: Physicochemical Properties That Influence Immunogenicity

  2006cited by this paper
• Intranasal vaccination of neonatal mice with polysaccharide conjugate vaccine for protection against pneumococcal otitis media.

  2006cited by this paper
• A conjugate vaccine composed of a heat shock protein 60 T-cell epitope peptide (p458) and Neisseria meningitidis type B capsular polysaccharide.

  2006cited by this paper
• Unique efficacy of Toll-like receptor 8 agonists in activating human neonatal antigen-presenting cells.

  2006cited by this paper
• Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine following its introduction in Spain.

  2005cited by this paper
• Complement Dependency of Splenic Localization of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines

  2005cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial Resistance Data on 16,756 Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in 1999: A Pan-Regional Multicenter Surveillance Study in France

  2005cited by this paper
• Protective immune responses to meningococcal C conjugate vaccine after intranasal immunization of mice with the LTK63 mutant plus chitosan or trimethyl chitosan chloride as novel delivery platform

  2005cited by this paper
• The advantage of mucosal immunization for polysaccharide‐specific memory responses in early life

  2005cited by this paper
• Cutting Edge: Antibody Production to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides Requires CD1 Molecules and CD8+ T Cells1

  2005cited by this paper
• Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Four Doses of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Three-Component Acellular Pertussis-Hepatitis B-Inactivated Polio Virus-Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine Coadministered with 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

  2005cited by this paper
• Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age

  2004cited by this paper
• SIGN-R1 Contributes to Protection against Lethal Pneumococcal Infection in Mice

  2004cited by this paper
• Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction.

  2004cited by this paper
• Role of Protein Tyrosine Kinase p53/56lyn in Diminished Lipopolysaccharide Priming of Formylmethionylleucyl- phenylalanine-Induced Superoxide Production in Human Newborn Neutrophils

  2004cited by this paper
• Defective macrophage function in neonates and its impact on unresponsiveness of neonates to polysaccharide antigens

  2004cited by this paper
• Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines

  2004cited by this paper
• Prevention of life‐threatening infections due to encapsulated bacteria in children with hyposplenia or asplenia: a brief review of current recommendations for practical purposes

  2003cited by this paper
• Immunology of bacterial polysaccharide antigens.

  2003cited by this paper
• Effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine followed by polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine on recurrent acute otitis media: a randomised study.

  2003cited by this paper
• Risk of vaccine failure after Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) combination vaccines with acellular pertussis.

  2003cited by this paper
• Intranasal Immunization with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines with LT-K63, a Nontoxic Mutant of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin, as Adjuvant Rapidly Induces Protective Immunity against Lethal Pneumococcal Infections in Neonatal Mice

  2002influential reference
• Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media.

  2001cited by this paper
• Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide type 5 conjugate and whole cell vaccines stimulate antibody responses in cattle.

  2001cited by this paper
• Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine: Reconstitution of Lyophilised PRP-T Vaccine with a Pertussis-containing Paediatric Combination Vaccine, or a Change in the Primary Series Immunisation Schedule, May Modify the Serum Anti-PRP Antibody Responses

  2001cited by this paper
• Ontogeny of the follicular dendritic cell phenotype and function in the postnatal murine spleen.

  2001cited by this paper
• The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children.

  2001cited by this paper
• Prevention of Infectious Diseases by Neonatal and Early Infantile Immunization: Prospects for the New Millennium*

  2001cited by this paper
• Serum and salivary anti-capsular antibodies in infants and children immunized with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

  2001cited by this paper
• Vaccines against polysaccharide antigens.

  2001cited by this paper
• Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children

  2000cited by this paper
• Natural development of antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A, pneumococcal surface adhesin A, and pneumolysin in relation to pneumococcal carriage and acute otitis media.

  2000cited by this paper
• Human antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A in health and disease

  2000cited by this paper
• CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Act as Adjuvants for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccines and Enhance Antipolysaccharide Immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG3 Antibodies

  2000cited by this paper
• Confirmation of psaA in All 90 Serotypes ofStreptococcus pneumoniae by PCR and Potential of This Assay for Identification and Diagnosis

  2000cited by this paper
• Cutting Edge: DNA Immunization with Minigenes of Carbohydrate Mimotopes Induce Functional Anti-Carbohydrate Antibody Response1

  2000cited by this paper
• Accessory cell defect in unresponsiveness of neonates and aged to polysaccharide vaccines.

  2000cited by this paper
• Prevention of infectious diseases by neonatal and early infantile immunization: prospects for the new millennium.

  2000cited by this paper
• Enhancement of Neonatal Innate Defense: Effects of Adding an N-Terminal Recombinant Fragment of Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein on Growth and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Inducing Activity of Gram-Negative Bacteria Tested in Neonatal Cord Blood Ex Vivo

  2000cited by this paper
• Conclusions from the WHO multicenter study of serious infections in young infants. The WHO Young Infants Study Group.

  1999cited by this paper
• Combined vaccination of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis containing acellular pertussis.

  1999cited by this paper
• The crystal structure of pneumococcal surface antigen PsaA reveals a metal-binding site and a novel structure for a putative ABC-type binding protein.

  1998cited by this paper
• Meningococcal Vaccines

  1998cited by this paper
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in adults: circulating antibody secreting cell response and humoral antibody responses in saliva and in serum.

  1998cited by this paper
• Neonatal murine B lymphocytes respond to polysaccharide antigens in the presence of IL-1 and IL-6.

  1998cited by this paper
• Optimization of vaccine responses in early life: The role of delivery systems and immunomodulators

  1998cited by this paper
• Infectious diseases in early life in industrialized countries.

  1998cited by this paper
• Infant B cell responses to polysaccharide determinants.

  1998influential reference
• Early immunization with conjugate vaccines.

  1998cited by this paper
• Vaccine failures after primary immunisation with Haemophilus influenzae type-b conjugate vaccine without booster.

  1997cited by this paper
• Preclinical evaluation of group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli K92 capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in juvenile rhesus monkeys

  1997cited by this paper
• Human immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharides: complement-mediated localization preferentially on CD21-positive splenic marginal zone B cells and follicular dendritic cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• T cell independent antigens.

  1995cited by this paper
• T cell-independent antigens type 2.

  1995cited by this paper
• Self and foreign 60-kilodalton heat shock protein T cell epitope peptides serve as immunogenic carriers for a T cell-independent sugar antigen.

  1995cited by this paper
• The impact of conjugate vaccine on carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b.

  1995influential reference
• Synthesis and characterization of a polyvalent Escherichia coli O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine.

  1995cited by this paper
• Immunologic priming by one dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in infancy.

  1995cited by this paper
• World Health Organization partograph in management of labour. World Health Organization Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme.

  1994cited by this paper
• Expression and functional characteristics of the complement receptor type 2 on adult and neonatal B lymphocytes.

  1993cited by this paper
• Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency states.

  1993cited by this paper
• Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines

  1990cited by this paper
• Immaturity of the human splenic marginal zone in infancy. Possible contribution to the deficient infant immune response.

  1989cited by this paper
• Efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in infancy.

  1987cited by this paper
• IgG2 subclass restriction of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharides.

  1986cited by this paper
• Cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance.

  1983cited by this paper
• The serum IgG subclass levels in healthy infants of 13--62 weeks of age.

  1980cited by this paper
• Serum Complement Levels in Infancy: Age Related Changes

  1979cited by this paper
• Polysaccharide vaccines of group A Neisseria meningtitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b: a field trial in Finland.

  1977cited by this paper
• Surface Immunoglobulin D as a Functional Receptor for a Subclass of B Lymphocytes

  1977cited by this paper
• The ontogeny of thymic independent antibody responses in vitro in normal mice and mice with an X-linked B cell defect.

  1977influential reference
• Immunologic response of man to group B meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.

  1972cited by this paper
• Weekly Epidemiological Record Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire World Health Organization Geneva Organisation Mondiale De La Santé Genève Summary and Conclusions

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Structure–function relationships of human IgG subclasses: implications for therapeutic antibody engineering and clinical application

  2025cites this paper
• Kingella kingae cytotoxin RtxA induces an innate immune response in oral epithelial cells

  2025cites this paper
• Immunoglobulin class‐switch recombination: Mechanism, regulation, and related diseases

  2024cites this paper
• Determination of the relationships between serum amyloid A, serum calprotectin and fecal calprotectin in healthy and infectious diarrheic calves and their diagnostic significances as inflammatory markers.

  2023cites this paper
• Glycan Microarrays Containing Synthetic Streptococcus pneumoniae CPS Fragments and Their Application to Vaccine Development.

  2022cites this paper
• Evaluation and Management of Main Bacterial Infections in Premature Infants

  2022cites this paper
• Evaluation of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and Complement Components C3 and C4 Levels in Iraqi full term Neonates with Severe Hyperbilirubinemia

  2021cites this paper
• Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination

  2021cites this paper
• The incidence of abdominal surgical site infections after abdominal birth defects surgery in infants: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

  2021cites this paper
• A semisynthetic glycoconjugate provides expanded cross-serotype protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae

  2021cites this paper
• A non-inferiority trial comparing two killed, whole cell, oral cholera vaccines (Cholvax vs. Shanchol) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

  2021cites this paper
• The PD-1 Regulatory Axis Inhibits T Cell–Independent B Cell Memory Generation and Reactivation

  2021cites this paper
• Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development

  2020cites this paper
• Current and emerging treatments for neonatal sepsis

  2020cites this paper
• Narciclasine improves outcome in sepsis among neonatal rats via inhibition of calprotectin and alleviating inflammatory responses

  2020cites this paper
• The immune system in infants: Relevance to xenotransplantation

  2020cites this paper
• Overview of Immunology and Allergy

  2019cites this paper
• Exposition antigénique dans la petite enfance: intérêt à l'officine

  2019cites this paper
• Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection in Neonates: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis

  2019cites this paper
• The Ecology of Breastfeeding and Mother-Infant Immune Functions

  2019cites this paper
• Saint Christopher: Protection of Immunocompromised Travelers by Vaccination

  2018cites this paper
• Sensitivity and specificity of recombinant proteins in Toxocara spp. for serodiagnosis in humans: Differences in adult and child populations

  2018cites this paper
• Improving vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae using synthetic glycans

  2018cites this paper
• Pneumococcal Vaccines: Host Interactions, Population Dynamics, and Design Principles.

  2018cites this paper
• Why are preterm newborns at increased risk of infection?

  2018cites this paper
• Decreased production of class-switched antibodies in neonatal B cells is associated with increased expression of miR-181b

  2018cites this paper
• CD22 Promotes B-1b Cell Responses to T Cell–Independent Type 2 Antigens

  2018cites this paper
• Avaliação da resposta à vacina de DNA LAMP-1/p55Gag do HIV-1 e da geração de células T foliculares na imunização de camundongos neonatos

  2018cites this paper
• New Technologies for Vaccine Development: Harnessing the Power of Human Immunology

  2018cites this paper
• Surgical site infections in neonates are independently associated with longer hospitalizations

  2017cites this paper
• Utilising nanoparticles for DNA vaccine delivery

  2017cites this paper
• Alterations in preconception, antenatal, and postnatal maternal gut microbiota influence offspring intestinal microbiota and immunity

  2017cites this paper
• Red blood cell alloimmunization in Iranian beta‐thalassemia patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

  2016cites this paper
• Preconception maternal exposure to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis transfers protection against Nb to her offspring

  2016cites this paper
• This information is current as Extracellular Bacteria Gram-Negative versus Gram-Positive Following Secondary Challenge with Intact Polysaccharide-Specific IgG Responses Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Boosted

  2016cites this paper
• Carrier priming effect of CRM197 is related to an enhanced B and T cell activation in meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccination. Immunological comparison between CRM197 and diphtheria toxoid.

  2016cites this paper
• Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Boosted Polysaccharide-Specific IgG Responses Following Secondary Challenge with Intact Gram-Negative versus Gram-Positive Extracellular Bacteria

  2016cites this paper
• Combined treatment with chlorhexidine and 0·9% saline in a newborn infant with an infected surgical wound

  2016cites this paper
• Towards Predicting Protective Vaccine Responses in the Very Young.

  2016cites this paper
• B‐1 lymphocytes in mice and nonhuman primates

  2015cites this paper
• Vaccine Adjuvants: from 1920 to 2015 and Beyond

  2015cites this paper
• Evaluation of a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine to reduce colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens

  2015cites this paper
• Are vital signs indicative for bacteremia in newborns?

  2015cites this paper
• Carrier priming with CRM 197 or diphtheria toxoid has a different impact on the immunogenicity of the respective glycoconjugates: biophysical and immunochemical interpretation.

  2015cites this paper
• Serum Calprotectin: A Potential Biomarker for Neonatal Sepsis

  2015cites this paper
• Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection.

  2015cites this paper
• Impaired Antigen-Specific Immune Response to Vaccines in Children with Antibody Production Defects

  2015cites this paper
• Genetic basis of susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal disease

  2015cites this paper
• Cells and cytokines that support survival of plasma cells in neonatal bone marrow

  2015influential citation
• Vaccination DTP - Coqueluche et Haemophilus influenzae type b du grand prématuré

  2015influential citation
• Immune responses in neonates

  2014cites this paper
• Comparison of Anti-pneumococcal Antibodies in Cord Blood From Australian Indigenous and Gambian Neonates and the Implications for Otitis Media

  2014cites this paper
• Genetics of Transfusion Recipient Alloimmunization: Can Clues from Susceptibility to Autoimmunity Pave the Way?

  2014cites this paper
• Preparation Of Polysaccharide-protein Conjugates Of Vi Negative Salmonella Typhi As Potential Candidates For Vaccines

  2014cites this paper
• Preparation and Characterization of a Staphylococcus aureus Capsular Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Prepared by a Low Cost Technique: a Proof-of-Concept Study

  2014cites this paper
• Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children.

  2014cites this paper
• Commercializing diarrhea vaccines for travelers

  2014cites this paper
• Will Global Climate Change Alter Fundamental Human Immune Reactivity: Implications for Child Health?

  2014cites this paper
• Immunological memory and nasopharyngeal carriage in 4-year-old children previously primed and boosted with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) with or without concomitant prophylactic paracetamol.

  2013cites this paper
• The influence of maternal Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection on immunity in offspring

  2013cites this paper
• Regulation of In Vivo Anti-Polysaccharide Responses to Intact Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Extracellular Bacteria

  2013cites this paper
• [Neonatal surgical antibioprophylaxis: which target? which propositions?].

  2013cites this paper
• Immune Responses to the O-Specific Polysaccharide Antigen in Children Who Received a Killed Oral Cholera Vaccine Compared to Responses following Natural Cholera Infection in Bangladesh

  2013cites this paper
• The development of a process and quality control methods for conjugate vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1

  2013cites this paper
• Antibioprophylaxie en chirurgie néonatale : quelle est la cible ? quelles propositions ?

  2013cites this paper
• Global Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type a Disease: Do We Need a New Vaccine?

  2013cites this paper
• Memory B cell compartment constitution and susceptibility to recurrent lower respiratory tract infections in young children

  2013cites this paper
• A preoperative stay in an intensive care unit is associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection in neonates.

  2013cites this paper
• Development of protective antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children

  2012cites this paper
• Kompleksowa ocena kliniczna i immunodiagnostyczna dzieci z zaburzeniami biosyntezy przeciwciał

  2012cites this paper
• killed oral cholera vaccine compared to responses following natural cholera infection in

  2012cites this paper
• Vaccines for typhoid fever and other salmonelloses

  2012cites this paper
• DESENVOLVIMENTO DE IMUNÓGENO CONJUGADO DE LIPOPOLISSACARÍDEO DE Pseudomonas Aeruginosa E TOXÓIDE TETÂNICO

  2012cites this paper
• The Nature of an In Vivo Anti-Capsular Polysaccharide Response Is Markedly Influenced by the Composition and/or Architecture of the Bacterial Subcapsular Domain

  2012cites this paper
• The yin yang of bacterial polysaccharides: lessons learned from B. fragilis PSA

  2012cites this paper
• Fisher scientific award lecture - the capsular polysaccharides of Group B Streptococcus and Streptococcus suis differently modulate bacterial interactions with dendritic cells.

  2012cites this paper
• ENTERIC FEVER CAUSED BY SALMONELLA TYPHI AND SALMONELLA PARATYPHI

  2012cites this paper
• Human prophylactic vaccine adjuvants and their determinant role in new vaccine formulations

  2012cites this paper
• Peptides: an arrival point in cancer vaccinology.

  2012cites this paper
• Memory B Cell and Other Immune Responses in Children Receiving Two Doses of an Oral Killed Cholera Vaccine Compared to Responses following Natural Cholera Infection in Bangladesh

  2012cites this paper
• Serum calprotectin as a diagnostic marker of late onset sepsis in full-term neonates

  2012cites this paper
• Title: A comparison of memory B cell, antibody secreting cell, and plasma antibody responses in

  2011cites this paper
• Programmed Cell Death 1 Suppresses B-1b Cell Expansion and Long-Lived IgG Production in Response to T Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens

  2011cites this paper
• This information is current as Responsible for Their Poor Immunogenicity Polysaccharides on BAFF System Is Suppressive Effect of Bacterial Uslu

  2011cites this paper
• Comparison of Memory B Cell, Antibody-Secreting Cell, and Plasma Antibody Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults with Infection Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa in Bangladesh

  2011cites this paper
• Enhanced Immune Response of T-cell Independent or Dependent Antigens in SIGN-R1 Knock-Out Mice

  2011cites this paper
• Serum Calprotectin: An Antimicrobial Peptide as a New Marker For the Diagnosis of Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Newborns

  2011influential citation
• IgG Placental Transfer in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies

  2011cites this paper
• This information is current as Responsible for Their Poor Immunogenicity Polysaccharides on BAFF System Is Suppressive Effect of Bacterial Uslu

  2011cites this paper
• Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens Production in Response to T Cell Expansion and Long-Lived IgG Programmed Cell Death 1 Suppresses B-1b

  2011cites this paper
• Glycoconjugate vaccines and immune interactions, and implications for vaccination schedules

  2011cites this paper
• DomainArchitecture of the Bacterial Subcapsular Influenced by the Composition and/or Polysaccharide Response Is Markedly The Nature of an In Vivo Anti-Capsular

  2011cites this paper
• Immunological Aspects of Human Reproduction

  2011cites this paper
• This information is current as Responsible for Their Poor Immunogenicity Polysaccharides on BAFF System Is Suppressive Effect of Bacterial Uslu

  2011cites this paper
• Neonatal immunization: where do we stand?

  2011cites this paper
• Suppressive Effect of Bacterial Polysaccharides on BAFF System Is Responsible for Their Poor Immunogenicity

  2011cites this paper
• A single immunization near birth elicits immediate and lifelong protective immunity.

  2010cites this paper
• INNATE MECHANISMS REGULATING PERIPHERAL B CELL TOLERANCE

  2010cites this paper
• Studies on antigen presenting cells and T cells in airways and skin

  2010cites this paper
• Impaired functioning of immune defenses to infection in premature and term infants and their implications for vaccination

  2010cites this paper