Is there a prediction network? Meta-analytic evidence for a cortical-subcortical network likely subserving prediction.

Predictive coding is an increasingly influential and ambitious concept in neuroscience viewing the brain as a 'hypothesis testing machine' that constantly strives to minimize prediction error, the gap between its predictions and the actual sensory input. Despite the invaluable contribution of this framework to the formulation of brain function, its neuroanatomical foundations have not been fully defined. To address this gap, we conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of 39 neuroimaging studies of three functional domains (action perception, language and music) inherently involving prediction. The ALE analysis revealed a widely distributed brain network encompassing regions within the inferior and middle frontal gyri, anterior insula, premotor cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, temporoparietal junction, striatum, thalamus/subthalamus and the cerebellum. This network is proposed to subserve domain-general prediction and its relevance to motor control, attention, implicit learning and social cognition is discussed in light of the predictive coding scheme. Better understanding of the presented network may help advance treatments of neuropsychiatric conditions related to aberrant prediction processing and promote cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals.

• Publication year

  2019

• Venue

  Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

• Publication date

  2019-08-19

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Computer Science, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.012PMID 31437478
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Angular Gyrus

  2020cited by this paper
• Predictive Processes and the Peculiar Case of Music.

  2019cited by this paper
• Predictive Coding

  2019cited by this paper
• Large-Scale Cortical Networks for Hierarchical Prediction and Prediction Error in the Primate Brain.

  2018cited by this paper
• Interoceptive inference: From computational neuroscience to clinic

  2018cited by this paper
• The Psychology of Music: Rhythm and Movement.

  2018cited by this paper
• The Involvement of Endogenous Neural Oscillations in the Processing of Rhythmic Input: More Than a Regular Repetition of Evoked Neural Responses

  2018cited by this paper
• Separate neural representations of prediction error valence and surprise: Evidence from an fMRI meta‐analysis

  2018cited by this paper
• The right inferior frontal gyrus processes nested non-local dependencies in music

  2018cited by this paper
• Brain activations supporting linking of action phases in a sequential manual task

  2018cited by this paper
• Meter for what? Meter strength affects ordinal but not temporal learning

  2018cited by this paper
• Convergence of primary sensory cortex and cerebellar nuclei pathways in the whisker system.

  2018cited by this paper
• A central amygdala to zona incerta projection is required for acquisition and remote recall of conditioned fear memory

  2018cited by this paper
• Neural mechanisms of movement planning: motor cortex and beyond.

  2018cited by this paper
• Toward an Integrative Theory of Thalamic Function.

  2018cited by this paper
• Neural reuse of action perception circuits for language, concepts and communication

  2018cited by this paper
• Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution

  2017cited by this paper
• The graphical brain: Belief propagation and active inference

  2017cited by this paper
• Right Lateral Cerebellum Represents Linguistic Predictability

  2017cited by this paper
• Strategic adaptation to non-reward prediction error qualities and irreducible uncertainty in fMRI.

  2017cited by this paper
• Functional Connectivity Parcellation of the Human Thalamus by Independent Component Analysis

  2017cited by this paper
• The role of the IFG and pSTS in syntactic prediction: Evidence from a parametric study of hierarchical structure in fMRI.

  2017cited by this paper
• Cognitive representation of “musical fractals”: Processing hierarchy and recursion in the auditory domain

  2017cited by this paper
• Time-Perception Network and Default Mode Network Are Associated with Temporal Prediction in a Periodic Motion Task

  2016cited by this paper
• Predictive Brain Mechanisms in Sound-to-Meaning Mapping during Speech Processing

  2016cited by this paper
• Prefrontal Cortex Activation Reflects Efficient Exploitation of Higher-order Statistical Structure

  2016cited by this paper
• Neural networks for harmonic structure in music perception and action

  2016cited by this paper
• An Extension of the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis from Developmental Language Disorders to Mathematical Disability

  2016cited by this paper
• Differential roles for parietal and frontal cortices in fixed versus evolving temporal expectations: Dissociating prior from posterior temporal probabilities with fMRI

  2016cited by this paper
• Causal reasoning versus associative learning: A useful dichotomy or a strawman battle in comparative psychology?

  2016cited by this paper
• Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain

  2016cited by this paper
• An fMRI study investigating effects of conceptually related sentences on the perception of degraded speech.

  2016cited by this paper
• Language structure in the brain: A fixation-related fMRI study of syntactic surprisal in reading

  2016cited by this paper
• Functional Connectivity Differences of the Subthalamic Nucleus Related to Parkinson's Disease

  2016cited by this paper
• Expert-novice differences in brain function of field hockey players.

  2016cited by this paper
• The Predictive Processing Paradigm Has Roots in Kant

  2016cited by this paper
• Prediction During Natural Language Comprehension.

  2016cited by this paper
• Association between resting-state brain functional connectivity and muscle sympathetic burst incidence.

  2016cited by this paper
• Fronto-Parietal Contributions to Phonological Processes in Successful Artificial Grammar Learning

  2016cited by this paper
• LFP and oscillations—what do they tell us?

  2015cited by this paper
• Rhythm and interpersonal synchrony in early social development

  2015cited by this paper
• Neural Networks for Beat Perception in Musical Rhythm

  2015cited by this paper
• The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion

  2015cited by this paper
• Cortical Tracking of Hierarchical Linguistic Structures in Connected Speech

  2015cited by this paper
• Finding the beat: a neural perspective across humans and non-human primates

  2015cited by this paper
• Cerebellar Sequencing: a Trick for Predicting the Future

  2015cited by this paper
• Combined eye tracking and fMRI reveals neural basis of linguistic predictions during sentence comprehension.

  2015cited by this paper
• Object visibility alters the relative contribution of ventral visual stream and mirror neuron system to goal anticipation during action observation

  2015cited by this paper
• Emotional expressions beyond facial muscle actions. A call for studying autonomic signals and their impact on social perception

  2015cited by this paper
• Prediction of human actions: Expertise and task‐related effects on neural activation of the action observation network

  2014cited by this paper
• The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition.

  2014cited by this paper
• Attention, predictions and expectations, and their violation: attentional control in the human brain

  2014cited by this paper
• Uncertainty in visual and auditory series is coded by modality‐general and modality‐specific neural systems

  2014cited by this paper
• The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience

  2014cited by this paper
• Generalized Role for the Cerebellum in Encoding Internal Models: Evidence from Semantic Processing

  2014cited by this paper
• Music and social bonding: “self-other” merging and neurohormonal mechanisms

  2014cited by this paper
• Involvement of the dorsal and ventral attention networks in oddball stimulus processing: A meta‐analysis

  2014cited by this paper
• Metrical Presentation Boosts Implicit Learning of Artificial Grammar

  2014cited by this paper
• Investigating repetition and change in musical rhythm by functional MRI.

  2014cited by this paper
• How Could Language Have Evolved?

  2014cited by this paper
• The Predictive Mind

  2013cited by this paper
• The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: a review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research.

  2013cited by this paper
• Corticostriatal Contributions to Musical Expectancy Perception

  2013cited by this paper
• Prediction error in reinforcement learning: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

  2013cited by this paper
• Decoding the role of the insula in human cognition: functional parcellation and large-scale reverse inference.

  2013cited by this paper
• Neural Correlates of Music Perception

  2013cited by this paper
• Neurocognitive mechanisms of error-based motor learning.

  2013cited by this paper
• Empathy circuits.

  2013cited by this paper
• Predictions in speech comprehension: fMRI evidence on the meter-semantic interface

  2013cited by this paper
• Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children

  2013cited by this paper
• Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.

  2013cited by this paper
• The Angular Gyrus

  2013cited by this paper
• How do forward models work? And why would you want them?

  2013cited by this paper
• A predictive coding perspective on autism spectrum disorders

  2013cited by this paper
• The role of prediction in social neuroscience

  2012cited by this paper
• Resting state cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity networks: a comparison of anatomical and self-organizing map approaches

  2012cited by this paper
• Prediction, perception and agency

  2012cited by this paper
• Predicting the future: from implicit learning to consolidation.

  2012cited by this paper
• Finding and Feeling the Musical Beat: Striatal Dissociations between Detection and Prediction of Regularity

  2012cited by this paper
• The impact of rhythm complexity on brain activation during simple singing: An event-related fMRI study

  2012cited by this paper
• Cortical oscillations and sensory predictions.

  2012cited by this paper
• Brain and Music

  2012cited by this paper
• Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system

  2012cited by this paper
• Stimulus expectancy modulates inferior frontal gyrus and premotor cortex activity in auditory perception.

  2012cited by this paper
• Brain regions with mirror properties: a meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies.

  2012cited by this paper
• Minimizing within‐experiment and within‐group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta‐analyses

  2012cited by this paper
• Ventral premotor cortex lesions disrupt learning of sequential grammatical structures.

  2012cited by this paper
• Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis

  2012cited by this paper
• Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited

  2012cited by this paper
• Centre-embedded structures are a by-product of associative learning and working memory constraints: evidence from baboons (Papio Papio).

  2012cited by this paper
• Action anticipation beyond the action observation network: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in expert basketball players

  2012cited by this paper
• The cortical representation of simple mathematical expressions

  2012cited by this paper
• Neural correlates of auditory temporal predictions during sensorimotor synchronization

  2011cited by this paper
• Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis.

  2011cited by this paper
• Understanding the dorsal and ventral systems of the human cerebral cortex: beyond dichotomies.

  2011cited by this paper
• Is 2 + 2 = 4? Meta-analyses of brain areas needed for numbers and calculations

  2011cited by this paper
• Active Inference, Attention, and Motor Preparation

  2011cited by this paper
• Symbolic representations in motor sequence learning

  2011cited by this paper
• Cortical fMRI activation to opponents' body kinematics in sport-related anticipation: expert-novice differences with normal and point-light video.

  2011cited by this paper
• Putting reward in art: A tentative prediction error account of visual art

  2011cited by this paper

• Computational origins of cortical brain circuits for social cognition.

  2026cites this paper
• An electroencephalography connectome predictive model of craving for methamphetamine

  2025cites this paper
• Unveiling the alterations of action processing and mu rhythm in Williams Syndrome

  2025cites this paper
• Updating the physiology of hypnotizability: Cerebellum and insula.

  2025cites this paper
• Pain Expectations: the neural representations of predicted pain in self and others

  2025cites this paper
• Eigenmodes of the deep unconscious: the neuropsychology of Jungian archetypes and psychedelic experience

  2025cites this paper
• Hippocampal mismatch signals are based on episodic memories and not schematic knowledge

  2025cites this paper
• Altered processing of self-produced sensations in psychosis at cortical and spinal levels

  2025cites this paper
• Effective Connectivity Reveals Dual‐Route Mechanism of Visual Prediction Precision via Insula and Pulvinar

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on resting brain functional connectivity in schizophrenia patients with persistent auditory verbal hallucinations.

  2025cites this paper
• Behavioral and neural interrelationships of sensory difficulties, intolerance of uncertainty, and anxiety in autistic children

  2025cites this paper
• Dissociable effects of psilocybin and escitalopram for depression on processing of musical surprises

  2025cites this paper
• Loneliness and social conformity: A predictive processing perspective

  2025influential citation
• Induced zero-phase synchronization as a potential neural code for optimized visuomotor integration.

  2025cites this paper
• Nitric Oxide in the Hypnotizability-Related Interoception: A Scoping Review

  2025cites this paper
• Beyond Needling: Integrating a Bayesian Brain Model into Acupuncture Treatment

  2025cites this paper
• Situating language and music research in a domain-specific versus domain-general framework: A review of theoretical and empirical data

  2024cites this paper
• Music Combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Enhanced Functional Integration within the Frontal–Parietal–Temporal Brain Network in Patients with Chronic Subjective Tinnitus

  2024cites this paper
• The Anterior Insula Engages in Feature- and Context-Level Predictive Coding Processes for Recognition Judgments

  2024cites this paper
• How does depressive cognition develop? A state-dependent network model of predictive processing.

  2024influential citation
• Diverse Frontoparietal Connectivity Supports Semantic Prediction and Integration in Sentence Comprehension

  2024cites this paper
• Frequent absent mindedness and the neural mechanism trapped by mobile phone addiction.

  2024cites this paper
• Pre-Stimulus Activity of Left and Right TPJ in Linguistic Predictive Processing: A MEG Study

  2024cites this paper
• Adding texture to the Art of constraints-led coaching: a request for more research-informed guidelines

  2024cites this paper
• The mechanisms of persisting disability in schizophrenia: imprecise predictive coding via cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop dysfunction.

  2024cites this paper
• Comprehensive investigation of predictive processing: A cross‐ and within‐cognitive domains fMRI meta‐analytic approach

  2024influential citation
• Music reward sensitivity is associated with greater information transfer capacity within dorsal and motor white matter networks in musicians

  2024cites this paper
• The neural network of sensory attenuation: A neuroimaging meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Understanding Music and Aging through the lens of Bayesian Inference.

  2024cites this paper
• Feasibility and Efficacy of a Virtual Reality Social Prediction Training in Children and Young Adults with Congenital Cerebellar Malformations

  2024cites this paper
• Cerebellar Neurostimulation for Boosting Social and Affective Functions: Implications for the Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxia Patients

  2024cites this paper
• Fundamental Behavioral and Neurophysiologic Relationships Between Sensory Processing, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Autistic Traits in Children: A Hybrid Approach.

  2023cites this paper
• Inefficient speech-motor control affects predictive speech comprehension: atypical electrophysiological correlates in stuttering.

  2023cites this paper
• Remembrance of things perceived: Adding thalamocortical function to artificial neural networks

  2023cites this paper
• An information theoretic score for learning hierarchical concepts

  2023cites this paper
• The Predictive Role of the Posterior Cerebellum in the Processing of Dynamic Emotions

  2023cites this paper
• Regular rhythmic primes improve sentence repetition in children with developmental language disorder

  2023cites this paper
• Is Social Training Delivered with a Head-Mounted Display Suitable for Patients with Hereditary Ataxia?

  2023cites this paper
• Trait representation of embodied cognition in dancers pivoting on the extended mirror neuron system: a resting-state fMRI study

  2023influential citation
• The Element of Surprise: How Predictive Processing Can Help Coach Practitioners Understand and Develop Skilled Movement in Sport Settings

  2023cites this paper
• Prediction errors arising from switches between major and minor modes in music: An fMRI study.

  2023cites this paper
• The neural bases of familiar music listening in healthy individuals: An Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis.

  2023cites this paper
• Excitatory cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation boosts the leverage of prior knowledge for predicting actions

  2023cites this paper
• Semantic‐specific and domain‐general mechanisms for integration and update of contextual information

  2022cites this paper
• Cerebellar Contribution to Emotional Body Language Perception.

  2022cites this paper
• Cognitive predictors of Social processing in congenital atypical development

  2022cites this paper
• Brain Functional Connectivity Changes During Learning of Time Discrimination

  2022cites this paper
• Deficits in rate of force production during multifinger tasks are associated with cognitive status

  2022cites this paper
• Sense of agency as synecdoche: Multiple neurobiological mechanisms may underlie the phenomenon summarized as sense of agency.

  2022cites this paper
• Scaling up Predictive Processing to language with Construction Grammar

  2022cites this paper
• How sensory and hedonic expectations shape perceived properties of regular and non-alcoholic beer

  2022cites this paper
• A research agenda on transport and health and public buses: More research on the buses please!

  2022cites this paper
• Attention Control and Audiomotor Processes Underlying Anticipation of Musical Themes while Listening to Familiar Sonata-Form Pieces

  2022influential citation
• Disconnection from prediction: a systematic review on the role of right temporoparietal junction in aberrant predictive processing.

  2022cites this paper
• Reward prediction errors arising from switches between major and minor modes in music: An fMRI study

  2022cites this paper
• The rediscovered motor-related area 55b emerges as a core hub of music perception

  2022cites this paper
• Differential effects of prediction error and adaptation along the auditory cortical hierarchy during deviance processing

  2022cites this paper
• Predictive processing, cognitive control, and tonality stability of music: An fMRI study of chromatic harmony.

  2021cites this paper
• Meta-analytic evidence of differential prefrontal and early sensory cortex activity during non-social sensory perception in autism.

  2021cites this paper
• Adjudicating Between Local and Global Architectures of Predictive Processing in the Subcortical Auditory Pathway

  2021cites this paper
• Cerebellar-Subcortical-Cortical Systems as Modulators of Cognitive Functions

  2021cites this paper
• Hyperdirect connectivity of opercular speech network to the subthalamic nucleus

  2021cites this paper
• Intrinsic cerebellar functional connectivity of social cognition and theory of mind in first-episode psychosis patients

  2021cites this paper
• OP-BRCM210175 1..16

  2021cites this paper
• The Cerebellum as a CNS Hub Modulating Autism-Relevant Behaviors

  2021cites this paper
• When inefficient speech-motor control affects speech comprehension: atypical electrophysiological correlates of language prediction in stuttering

  2021cites this paper
• Social prediction in pediatric patients with congenital, non-progressive malformations of the cerebellum: From deficits in predicting movements to rehabilitation in virtual reality.

  2021cites this paper
• Processing rhythm in speech and music: Shared mechanisms and implications for developmental speech and language disorders.

  2021cites this paper
• Neural Encoding of the Reliability of Directional Information During the Preparation of Targeted Movements

  2021cites this paper
• Decoding expectation and surprise in dementia: the paradigm of music

  2021cites this paper
• Disentangling predictive processing in the brain: a meta-analytic study in favour of a predictive network

  2021cites this paper
• Hierarchical control as a shared neurocognitive mechanism for language and music.

  2021cites this paper
• New Horizons on Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Social and Affective Cerebellum

  2021cites this paper
• How social is the cerebellum? Exploring the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the prediction of social and physical events

  2021cites this paper
• Statistical learning of target selection and distractor suppression shape attentional priority according to different timeframes

  2021cites this paper
• Neuropsychological assessment and virtual reality training of social prediction in patients with cerebellar malformation

  2021cites this paper
• Differential effects of prediction error and adaptation along the auditory cortical hierarchy during deviance processing

  2020cites this paper
• Cross‐modal modulation of cell activity by sound in first‐order visual thalamic nucleus

  2020cites this paper
• Fatigue in perinatal stroke is associated with the functional connectivity of the sensorimotor network

  2020influential citation
• Speech perception under the tent: A domain-general predictive role for the cerebellum

  2020cites this paper
• Expectancy changes the self‐monitoring of voice identity

  2020cites this paper
• Integration of waking experience through dreams considered in light of individual differences in implicit learning ability

  2020cites this paper
• Neural encoding of reliability and validity of directional information during the preparation of targeted movements

  2020cites this paper
• Differential effects of prediction and adaptation along the cortical hierarchy during 1 deviance processing 2 Running title : Hierarchical prediction errors in the human brain 3 4

  2020cites this paper
• Mechanisms Underlying Unconscious Processing and Their Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Neuroimaging of Zero Monetary Outcomes Contextually Framed as “No Losses” vs. “No Gains”

  2020cites this paper
• Temporal Processing: Neural Correlates and Clinical Relevance.

  2020influential citation